A report on Veneto, Padua and Northern Italy

Venice, the primary tourist destination and the capital of Veneto

Remnants of Padua's Roman amphitheatre wall

Ancient peoples of Northern Italy, with Celtic peoples shown in blue.

The Botanical Garden of Padova today; in the background, the Basilica of Sant'Antonio

Migration of the Lombards towards Northern Italy

Member cities of the first and second Lombard League.

The unfinished façade of Padua Cathedral

Clock tower and Lion of St. Mark, symbol of the Serenissima Repubblic

The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

Last Judgment by Giotto, part of the Scrovegni Chapel.

Anti-Fascist Partisans in the streets of Bologna after the general insurrection of April 1945

The Alps in Val Maira, Province of Cuneo

The Tetrarchs were the four co-rulers who governed the Roman Empire as long as Diocletian's reform lasted. Here they are portrayed embracing, in a posture of harmony, in a porphyry sculpture dating from the 4th century, produced in Anatolia, located today on a corner of St Mark's Basilica in Venice.

Farming landscape in the Po Plain at Sant'Agata Bolognese

The Horses of Saint Mark, brought as loot from Constantinople in 1204.

Alpine lakes like Lake Garda are characterised by warmer microclimates than the surrounding areas

An 18th-century view of Venice by Canaletto.

This tempera, Two Christians before the Judges, hangs in the city's Cathedral.

Fog on the Secchia River near Modena. Fog is a common occurrence in the Po Plain

The 13th-century Castel Brando in Cison di Valmarino, Treviso.

Languages and regional varieties in Italy

St Mark's Basilica, the seat of the Patriarch of Venice.

Loggia Amulea, as seen from Prato della Valle

Torre degli Anziani as seen from Piazza della Frutta

The Astronomical clock as seen from Piazza dei Signori

The Prato della Valle in Padua, a work of Italian Renaissance architecture.

Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss.

The Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice

A trait that shows the structure of the Calà del Sasso

Padua (Padova ; Pàdova) is a city and comune in Veneto, northern Italy.

- Padua

Non-administrative, it consists of eight administrative Regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige.

- Northern Italy

Este, Padua, Oderzo, Adria, Vicenza, Verona, and Altino became centres of Venetic culture.

- Veneto

In 1167 an alliance (called the Lombard League) was formed among the Venetian cities such as Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona with other cities of Northern Italy to assert their rights against the Holy Roman Emperor.

- Veneto

Turin and Milan are also at the top of the European ranking – 3rd and 5th respectively – in terms of increased mortality from nitrogen dioxide, a gas that derives mainly from traffic and in particular from diesel vehicles, while Verona, Treviso, Padova, Como and Venice rank eleventh, fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and twentythird respectively.

- Northern Italy

Annexed to Italy during 1866, Padua was at the centre of the poorest area of Northern Italy, as Veneto was until the 1960s.

- Padua

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Verona

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The Lion of Saint Mark, located in Piazza delle Erbe, the symbol of the Venetian Republic

The Arche scaligere, tombs of the ancient lords of Verona

Panoramic view of the city from Castel San Pietro

Palazzo del Governo is the seat of the Province of Verona

San Zeno Basilica, like many other Veronese churches, is built with alternating layers of white stone and bricks

Verona (, ; Verona or Veròna) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants.

In 1164 Verona joined with Vicenza, Padua and Treviso to create the Veronese League, which was integrated with the Lombard League in 1167 to battle against Frederick I Barbarossa.

Lombard possessions in Italy: the Lombard Kingdom (Neustria, Austria and Tuscia) and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento

Lombards

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The Lombards or Langobards (Langobardi) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.

Distribution of Langobardic burial fields at the Lower Elbe Lands (according to W. Wegewitz)

Lombard grave goods (6th-7th century), Milan, Lombardy

Plutei of Theodota, mid 8th century, Civic Museums of Pavia.

The Frankish Merovingian King Chlothar II in combat with the Lombards

King Liutprand (712-744) "was a zealous Catholic, generous and a great founder of monasteries"

Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the eighth century

Italy around the turn of the millennium, showing the Lombard states in the south on the eve of the arrival of the Normans.

The West-Germanic languages around the sixth century CE

The runic inscription from the Pforzen buckle may be the earliest written example of Lombardic language

Lombard warrior, bronze statue, 8th century, Pavia Civic Museums.

The Rule of Saint Benedict in Beneventan (i.e. Lombard) script

Lombard shield boss<BR>northern Italy, 7th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art

A glass drinking horn from Castel Trosino

8th-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model. Tempietto Longobardo, Cividale del Friuli

In the summer of 569, the Lombards conquered the main Roman centre of northern Italy, Milan.

Agilulf successfully fought the rebel dukes of northern Italy, conquering Padua in 601, Cremona and Mantua in 603, and forcing the Exarch of Ravenna to pay tribute.

He extended his dominions, conquering Liguria in 643 and the remaining part of the Byzantine territories of inner Veneto, including the Roman city of Opitergium (Oderzo).

Republic of Venice

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The Doge of Venice, illustrated in the manuscript Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel. Painted by Lucas d'Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved by the Ghent University Library.

Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000

Procession in St Mark's Square by Gentile Bellini in 1496

Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.

The Venetian fort of Palamidi in Nafplion, Greece, one of many forts that secured Venetian trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Greater coat of arms of the Republic, with its various possessions and claims, in the aftermath of the Morean War

Drawing of the Doge's Palace, late 14th century

The governmental structure of the Venetian Republic

The hearing given by the Doge in the Sala del Collegio in Doge's Palace by Francesco Guardi, 1775–80

Voyage of Marco Polo into the Far East during the Pax Mongolica

The Piraeus Lion in Venice, in front of the Venetian Arsenal

Relief of the Venetian Lion on the Landward Gate in Zara (Zadar), capital of the Venetian Dalmatia

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Parenzo (Poreč)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Cattaro (Kotor)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Candia (Heraklion)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Frangokastello, Crete

Venetian blazon with the Lion of Saint Mark, as frequently found on the New Fortress walls, Corfu.

The sack of Constantinople in 1204 on a mosaic in the San Giovanni Evangelista church in Ravenna, 1213

The Republic of Venice (Repubblica di Venezia; Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic (Repubblica Veneta; Repùblega Vèneta), traditionally known as La Serenissima (Most Serene Republic of Venice; Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia; Serenìsima Res-piovega de Venèsia), was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy (mainly northeastern Italy) which existed for 1100 years from 697 AD until 1797 AD. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus.

The Republic of Venice fought the War of the Castle of Love against Padua and Treviso in 1215.

The pope wanted Romagna; Emperor Maximilian I: Friuli and Veneto; Spain: the Apulian ports; the king of France: Cremona; the king of Hungary: Dalmatia, and each one some of another's part.

Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)

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The Kingdom of Italy in 1807, with Istria and Dalmatia, shown in yellow

The Kingdom of Italy in 1811, shown in pink

40 lire coin of the<BR>Regno d'Italia (1808)

5 lire coin of the<BR>Regno d'Italia (1812)

The Kingdom of Italy in 1812, when it was extended from Bolzano to central Adriatic Italy (Marche), losing at the same time Istria and Dalmatia

The murder of finance minister Prina in Milan marked the effective end of the kingdom.

Eugène de Beauharnais Viceroy of Italy 1805–1814

Augusto Caffarelli Minister of War 1806–1810

Achille Fontanelli Minister of War 1811–1813

Ferdinando Marescalchi Minister of Foreign Affairs 1805–1814

Giuseppe Luosi Minister of Justice 1805–1814

Troop uniforms of the Kingdom of Italy, 1805–14

The Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814; Regno d'Italia; Royaume d'Italie) was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic) in personal union with France under Napoleon I.

It covered Savoy and the modern provinces of Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino, South Tyrol, and Marche.

Department of Brenta (capital Padua)

Kingdom of Italy

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State that existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.

Map of the Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943

Italian unification between 1815 and 1870

Count Camillo Benso of Cavour, the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy

Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of the united Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major military leader during Italian unification

A factory machinery exposition in Turin, set in 1898, during the period of early industrialization, National Exhibition of Turin, 1898

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milano was an architectural work created by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 and named after the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II.

The Triple Alliance in 1913, shown in red

Francesco Crispi promoted the Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 19th century.

The Ain Zara oasis during the Italo-Turkish War: propaganda postcard made by the Italian Army

Italian mounted infantry in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900

Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions in Libya, as the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 was the first in history in which air attacks (carried out here by dirigible airships) determined the outcome.

Giovanni Giolitti was Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921.

Italy and its colonial possessions at the time of the outbreak of World War I: the area between British Egypt and the firmly held Italian territories is the region of southern Cyrenaica which was under dispute of ownership between Italy and the United Kingdom.

Gabriele D'Annunzio, national poet (vate) of Italy and a prominent nationalist revolutionary who was a supporter of Italy joining action in World War I

Generalissimo Luigi Cadorna (the man to the left of two officers to whom he is speaking) while visiting British batteries during World War I

Italian propaganda poster depicting the Battle of the Piave River

Members of the Arditi corps in 1918. More than 650,000 Italian soldiers lost their lives on the battlefields of World War I.

Armando Diaz, Chief of Staff of the Italian Army since November 1917, halted the Austro-Hungarian advance along the Piave River and launched counter-offensives which led to a decisive victory on the Italian Front. He is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of World War I.

Italian propaganda dropped over Vienna by Gabriele D'Annunzio in 1918

Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (2nd from left) at the World War I peace negotiations in Versailles with David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson (from left)

Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

Benito Mussolini (second from left) and his Fascist Blackshirts in 1920

Mussolini was initially a highly popular leader in Italy until Italy's military failures in World War II.

Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia made him Man of the Year in 1935 by Time.

The Italian Empire (red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the Tientsin concession in China is not shown).

Erwin Rommel meeting Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli, February 1941

The Italian Army in Russia fought on the Eastern Front.

Territory of the Italian Social Republic and the South Kingdom

Three men executed by public hanging in a street of Rimini, 1944

Rebels celebrating the liberation of Naples, after the Four days of Naples (27–30 September 1943)

Members of the Italian resistance in Ossola, 1944

Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory.

He led the Italian republican drive for unification in Southern Italy, but the Northern Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, a state with an important Italian population, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state.

In the spring of 1916, Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago, towards Verona and Padova, in their Strafexpedition, but were defeated by the Italians.