Northern Yuan and Related Topics

Yuan dynasty

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Successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division and a conquest dynasty of imperial China established by Kublai (Emperor Shizu), leader of the Mongol Borjigin clan, lasting from 1271 to 1368.

Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty

Guan Daosheng "the most famous and talented female painter and calligrapher in Chinese history" flourished in the Yuan dynasty

The Bailin Temple Pagoda of Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty

A Yuan dynasty blue-and-white porcelain dish with fish and flowing water design, mid-14th century, Freer Gallery of Art

Yuan underglaze blue Jingdezhen porcelain plate

A plate made of lacquer, wood, and paper from the Yuan dynasty. The Chinese were able to perfect a method of making lacquer. Decorating this plate are parrots and peonies. The parrot was a symbol of fidelity; because of its ability to mimic human speech, it was believed to be a suitable companion to a woman whose husband was away from home. The bird would be able to inform each person of the other's activities. The peony was a symbol of female virtue. When shown in full bloom, it is a token of love, affection, and feminine beauty. Birmingham Museum of Art.

The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of Taicang were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.

A diagram of Pascal's triangle in Zhu Shijie's Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303

Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate, 1287

A revolving typecase with individual movable type characters from Wang Zhen's Nong Shu, published in 1313

Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding

Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280

Wine jar with fish and aquatic plants, 14th century. Porcelain with underglaze cobalt blue decoration. Brooklyn Museum.

Manichaean Diagram of the Universe, a painting describing Yuan period Manichaean cosmology

A Yuan Qingbai porcelain statue of Guanyin, a bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism

Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty.

Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty.

Jinan Great Southern Mosque was completed during the reign of Temür Khan (the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan).

Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty.

Magic square in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)

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Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a dragon.

Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan during his youth

Chinese stone inscription of a Nestorian Christian Cross from a monastery of Fangshan District in Beijing (then called Dadu, or Khanbaliq), dated to the Yuan Dynasty

The rump state is known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Image of a Mongolian lady (incorrectly identified as Genepil, Queen consort of Mongolia )

Mongols

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East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation.

Asia in 500, showing the Rouran Khaganate and its neighbors, including the Northern Wei and the Tuyuhun Khanate, all of them were established by Proto-Mongols

A portrait of Kublai Khan by Araniko (1245–1306)

The Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century

Map showing wars between Qing Dynasty and Dzungar Khanate

A Dzungar soldier called Ayusi from the high Qing era, by Giuseppe Castiglione, 1755

The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1755 between the Qing (that ruled China at the time) and Mongol Dzungar armies. The fall of the Dzungar Khanate

Khorloogiin Choibalsan, leader of the Mongolian People's Republic (left), and Georgy Zhukov consult during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol against Japanese troops, 1939

World War II Zaisan Memorial, Ulaan Baatar, from the People's Republic of Mongolia era.

Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (right)

Chronological tree of the Mongolic languages

Timur of Mongolic origin himself had converted almost all the Borjigin leaders to Islam.

Mongols grazing livestock, by Roy Chapman Andrews photographs in 1921

The Mughal Emperor Babur and his heir Humayun. The word Mughal is derived from the Persian word for Mongol.

This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.

Strong Mongol men at August games. Photo by Wm. Purdom, 1909

Mongol Empress Zayaat (Jiyatu), wife of Kulug Khan (1281–1311)

Genghis' son Tolui with Queen Sorgaqtani

Mongol soldiers by Rashid al-Din, BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.

Kalmyk Mongol girl Annushka (painted in 1767)

Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj became the first Mongol to reach sumo's highest rank.

Mongol women archers during Naadam festival

Daur Mongol Empress Wanrong (1906–1946), also had Borjigin blood on maternal side.

After the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Mongols continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty in northern China and the Mongolian steppe.

Ming China in 1415 during the reign of the Yongle Emperor

Ming dynasty

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Imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

Portrait of the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–98)

The Great Wall of China: Although the rammed earth walls of the ancient Warring States were combined into a unified wall under the Qin and Han dynasties, the vast majority of the brick and stone Great Wall seen today is a product of the Ming dynasty.

A 17th-century Tibetan thangka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra; the Ming dynasty court gathered various tribute items that were native products of Tibet (such as thangkas), and in return granted gifts to Tibetan tribute-bearers.

Portrait of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–24)

The Ming Tombs located 50 km north of Beijing; the site was chosen by Yongle.

A Bengali envoy presenting a giraffe as a tributary gift in the name of King Saif Al-Din Hamzah Shah of Bengal (r. 1410–12) to the Yongle Emperor of Ming China (r. 1402–24).

The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) in state ceremonial court dress

Tianqi-era teacups, from the Nantoyōsō Collection in Japan; the Tianqi Emperor was heavily influenced and largely controlled by the eunuch Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627).

Spring morning in a Han palace, by Qiu Ying (1494–1552); excessive luxury and decadence marked the late Ming period, spurred by the enormous state bullion of incoming silver and by private transactions involving silver.

An imperial throne carpet with double dragon and seed pearl motif, Ming dynasty, 16th century

Shanhaiguan along the Great Wall, the gate where the Manchus were repeatedly repelled before being finally let through by Wu Sangui in 1644.

The Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing was built in the Yuan and rebuilt in the Ming.

Portrait of the Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–44)

The Forbidden City, the official imperial household of the Ming and Qing dynasties from 1420 until 1924, when the Republic of China evicted Puyi from the Inner Court.

A portrait of Jiang Shunfu, an official under the Hongzhi Emperor, now in the Nanjing Museum. The decoration of two cranes on his chest is a "rank badge" that indicates he was a civil official of the first rank.

Processional figurines from the Shanghai tomb of Pan Yongzheng, a Ming dynasty official who lived during the 16th century

Candidates who had taken the civil service examinations would crowd around the wall where the results were posted; detail from a handscroll in ink and color on silk, by Qiu Ying (1494–1552).

The Xuande Emperor playing chuiwan with his eunuchs, a game similar to golf, by an anonymous court painter of the Xuande period (1425–35).

Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Wanli Emperor's royal carriage being pulled by elephants and escorted by cavalry ([[:File:Departure Herald-Ming Dynasty.jpg|full panoramic painting here]])

Decorated back of a pipa from the Ming dynasty

Painting of flowers, a butterfly, and rock sculpture by Chen Hongshou (1598–1652); small leaf album paintings like this one first became popular in the Song dynasty.

Ming dynasty Xuande mark and period (1426–35) imperial blue and white vase. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Chinese glazed stoneware statue of a Daoist deity, from the Ming dynasty, 16th century.

Bodhisattva Manjusri in Blanc-de-Chine, by He Chaozong, 17th century; Song Yingxing devoted an entire section of his book to the ceramics industry in the making of porcelain items like this.

Wang Yangming (1472–1529), considered the most influential Confucian thinker since Zhu Xi

A Ming dynasty print drawing of Confucius on his way to the Zhou dynasty capital of Luoyang.

A Ming dynasty red "seal paste box" in carved lacquer.

The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make pig iron and then wrought iron, with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, 1637.

Map of the known world by Zheng He: India at the top, Ceylon at the upper right and East Africa along the bottom. Sailing directions and distances are marked using zhenlu (針路) or compass route.

A 24-point compass chart employed by Zheng He during his explorations.

Portrait of Matteo Ricci by Yu Wenhui, Latinized as Emmanuel Pereira, dated the year of Ricci's death, 1610

A cannon from the Huolongjing, compiled by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen before the latter's death in 1375.

Appreciating Plums, by Chen Hongshou (1598–1652) showing a lady holding an oval fan while enjoying the beauty of the plum.

The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–35); he stated in 1428 that his populace was dwindling due to palace construction and military adventures. But the population was rising under him, a fact noted by Zhou Chen – governor of South Zhili – in his 1432 report to the throne about widespread itinerant commerce.

After the overthrow of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368, Manchuria remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia.

Toghon Temür (Тогоонтөмөр, Togoontömör; Mongol script: (rotated 90°); ; 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Huizong of Yuan bestowed by the Northern Yuan dynasty and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Shun of Yuan bestowed by the Ming dynasty, was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and later the first emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Mongol Empire

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The largest contiguous land empire in history.

Mongolian tribes during the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125)

The Old World on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200

Genghis Khan, National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan

Genghis Khan ascended the throne in the Ikh Khuraldai region in the Onan river, from the Jami' al-tawarikh.

Coronation of Ögedei Khan in 1229 as the successor of Genghis Khan. By Rashid al-Din, early 14th century.

The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, miniature from a 16th-century chronicle

The battle of Liegnitz, 1241. From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend.

Güyük Khan demanding Pope Innocent IV's submission. The 1246 letter was written in Persian.

A Stone Turtle at the site of the Mongol capital, Karakorum.

Hulagu, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Il-Khanate. From a medieval Persian manuscript.

The extent of the Mongol Empire after the death of Möngke Khan (reigned 1251–1259).

Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Yuan dynasty

The samurai Suenaga facing Mongol's bomb and Goryeo's arrows. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.

defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left) Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right)

Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.

A European depiction of the four khans, Temür (Yuan), Chapar (House of Ögedei), Toqta (Golden Horde), and Öljaitü (Ilkhanate), in the Fleur des histoires d'orient.

Hungarian King Béla IV in flight from the Mongols under general Kadan of the Golden Horde.

The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, Yuan dynasty and Chagatai Khanate

The Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, in which Lithuania successfully pushed the Golden Horde from the Principality of Kiev.

Mongol general Subutai of the Golden Horde

The executed – the long and full beard probably means he is not a Mongol – has been thrown off a cliff.

Persian miniature depicting Ghazan's conversion from Buddhism to Islam.

A 1363 astronomical handbook with Middle Mongolian glosses. Known as the Sanjufini Zij.

Mongols look on as Persian astronomers work. Early 14th century illustration in the Compendium of Chronicles.

A 1305 letter (on a scroll measuring 302 by) from the Ilkhan Mongol Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France.

Gold dinar of Genghis Khan, struck at the Ghazna (Ghazni) mint, dated 1221/2

Map showing the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols in Mongolia, Russia, the Central Asian States, and China

Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde initiate the Siege of Moscow (1382).

Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260.

The regime is thereafter known as the Northern Yuan dynasty in historiography.

Esen Taishi

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Esen (Эсэн; Mongol script: ; ) was a powerful Oirat taishi and the de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty between 12 September 1453 and 1454.

Dayan Khan

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Dayan Khan (Даян Хаан; Mongol script: ; ), born Batumöngke (Батмөнх; ), was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1479 to 1517.

The Tianning Pagoda, built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty.

Beijing

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Capital of the People's Republic of China.

One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City, built by the Yongle Emperor during the early Ming dynasty

Overlapping layout of Beijing during the Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasties

Summer Palace is one of the several palatial gardens built by Qing emperors in the northwest suburb area.

Chongwenmen, a gate to the inner walled city, c. 1906

A large portrait of Chiang Kai-shek was displayed above Tiananmen after WWII.

Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949

A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games.

Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown

1940s Nationalist Beijing with predominantly traditional architecture

The sign of Doujiao Hutong, one of the many traditional alleyways in the inner city

Beijing average annual temperatures from 1970 to 2019 during summer (June, July, and August) and winter (December, January, and February). Weather station data from ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa/. For comparison the Global Surface Temperature Anomaly rose by approximately one degree over the same time period.

Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog. These photographs, taken in August 2005, show the variations in Beijing's air quality.

Houhai Lake and Drum Tower at Shichahai, in the Xicheng District

Xidan is one of the oldest and busiest shopping areas in Beijing.

The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a destination for locals and visitors.

Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District

Qianmen Avenue, a traditional commercial street outside Qianmen Gate along the southern Central Axis

Beijing Acrobatic Performance (10553642935)

Church of the Saviour, also known as the Xishiku Church, built in 1703

The China Central Television Headquarters building in CBD

Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics

Tai chi (Taijiquan) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park

Beijing Workers' Stadium at night as viewed from Sanlitun

Beijing railway station, one of several rail stations in the city

Badaling Expressway overpass near the Great Wall

Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections

Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport

Two Line 1 trains on the Beijing Subway, which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world

Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue, 2009

KJ-2000 and J-10s started the flypast formation on the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China.

Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia, Dadu was used to supply the Ming military garrisons in the area and renamed Beiping (Wade–Giles: Peip'ing, "Northern Peace").

A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu, c. 1377 by an unknown artist from the Ming dynasty. Now located in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.

Hongwu Emperor

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The founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398.

Rebels and warlords at the end of the Yuan dynasty, including the territory controlled by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1363.

The Hongwu Emperor in his old age, c. 1397

View of the Great Wall at Juyong Pass, reconstructed by the Ming dynasty.

The Jinjue Mosque in Nanjing was constructed by the decree of Hongwu.

A stele carried by a giant stone tortoise at the Hongwu Emperor's Mausoleum.

As famine, plagues and peasant revolts increased across China proper in the 14th century, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the forces that conquered China proper, ending the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forcing the remnant Yuan court (known as Northern Yuan in historiography) to retreat to the Mongolian Plateau.