Nucleophile and Related Topics

Lewis acids and bases

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Chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct.

Major structural changes accompany binding of the Lewis base to the coordinatively unsaturated, planar Lewis acid BF3

MO diagram depicting the formation of a dative covalent bond between two atoms

The terms nucleophile and electrophile are more or less interchangeable with Lewis base and Lewis acid, respectively.

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Ammonia

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Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)

This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.

Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.

The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine

Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.

The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine

Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.

Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007

Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).

Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

In organic chemistry, ammonia can act as a nucleophile in substitution reactions.

A graph showing the relative reactivities of the different alkyl halides towards SN1 and SN2 reactions (also see Table 1).

A nucleophilic substitution is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group within another electron-deficient molecule (known as the electrophile).

Electrophile

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Use of a chiral oxaziridine for asymmetric synthesis.

In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair.

Ingold, as photographed in Michigan State University.

Christopher Kelk Ingold

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British chemist based in Leeds and London.

RSC commemorative plaque at University College.

His groundbreaking work in the 1920s and 1930s on reaction mechanisms and the electronic structure of organic compounds was responsible for the introduction into mainstream chemistry of concepts such as nucleophile, electrophile, inductive and resonance effects, and such descriptors as SN1, SN2, E1, and E2.