A report on Ongud

Mongol Empire c.1207, Ongud and their neighbours

Now Inner Mongolia in northern China around the time of Genghis Khan (1162–1227).

- Ongud
Mongol Empire c.1207, Ongud and their neighbours

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The countries and autonomous regions where a Turkic language has official status or is spoken by a majority

Turkic peoples

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The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of Central, East, North, South and West Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of Central, East, North, South and West Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

The countries and autonomous regions where a Turkic language has official status or is spoken by a majority
The distribution of the Turkic languages
Map from Kashgari's Diwan (11th century), showing the distribution of Turkic tribes.
A page from "Codex Kumanicus". The Codex was designed in order to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Kumans.
Descriptive map of Turkic peoples.
Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BCE
Genetic, archeologic and linguistic evidence links the early Turkic peoples to the "Northeast Asian gene pool". Proto-Turks are suggested to have adopted a nomadic lifestyle and expanded from eastern Mongolia westwards.
Xiongnu, Mongolic, and proto-Turkic tribes (ca. 300 CE)
Territory of the Xiongnu, which included Mongolia, Western Manchuria, Xinjiang, East Kazakhstan, East Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu.
Huns (c.450 CE)
First Turk Khaganate (600 CE)
The Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates (600 CE)
Colored terracotta figurine of a Gokturk male found in a Kurgan, Kazakhstan, 5th-6th c.
A Turkic warrior from the Göktürk period. The horse's tail is knotted in Turkic style. His hair is long, braided and his big-collared caftan and boots are Turkic clothing features.
The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century
Golden Horde
Uyghur Khaganate
Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals
Old Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals.
The Turkic Later Tang Dynasty
Kangar Union after the fall of Western Turkic Khaganate, 659–750
Oghuz Yabgu State (c.750 CE)
Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE
A map showing the Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092.
Head of Seljuq male royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran.
Map of the Timurid Empire at its greatest extent under Timur.
Silver dirham of AH 329 (940/941 CE), with the names of Caliph al-Muttaqi and Amir al-umara Bajkam (de facto ruler of the country)
Independent Turkic states shown in red
Map of TÜRKSOY members.
Bashkirs, painting from 1812, Paris
A shaman doctor of Kyzyl.
Circle dance of Shamans 1911
An Old Uyghur Khagan
Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia (6th to 8th century)
A Penjikent man dressed in “Turkic“ long coats, 6th-8th c.
Kyz kuu.
Turk vassal blacksmiths under Mongolian rule
Turkic hunting scene, Gokturk period Altai
Battle scene of a Turkic horseman with typical long hair (Gokturk period, Altai)
Old Uyghur king from Turfan, from the murals at the Dunhuang Mogao Caves.
Old Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals.
Old Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals.
Old Uyghur Princess.
Old Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals.
Old Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals.
Old Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals.
Old Uyghur Manichaean Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho.
Old Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals.
Old Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho.
Old Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho.
Fresco of Palm Sunday from Qocho.
Manicheans from Qocho
Khan Omurtag of Bulgaria, from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.
Ghaznavid portrait, Palace of Lashkari Bazar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlumberger |first1=Daniel |title=Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar |journal=Syria |date=1952 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |page=263 & 267|doi=10.3406/syria.1952.4789 |jstor=4390312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390312 |issn=0039-7946}}</ref>
Azerbaijani girls in traditional dress.
Gagauz women and man.
Bashkir boys in national dress.
A Chuvash girl in traditional dress.
Khakas people with traditional instruments.
Nogai man in national costume.
Turkish girls in their traditional clothes, Dursunbey, Balikesir Province.
Turkmen girl in national dress.
Tuvan men and women in Kyzyl, Tuva.
Kazakh man in traditional clothing.
Uzbek with traditional cuisine.
Kyrgyz traditional eagle hunter.
Tuvan traditional shaman.
Yakut Sakha family in traditional attire.

Ongud (from Shatuo)

John of Montecorvino

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Italian Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman, founder of the earliest Latin Catholic missions in India and China, and archbishop of Peking.

Italian Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman, founder of the earliest Latin Catholic missions in India and China, and archbishop of Peking.

Among the 6,000 converts of John of Montecorvino was the Nestorian Ongut prince George, allegedly a descendant of Prester John, and a vassal of the great khan, mentioned by Marco Polo.

Alaqush

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Alaqush Tegin Quri or Alaqush Digit Quri (,, ?

Alaqush Tegin Quri or Alaqush Digit Quri (,, ?

- d. 1211) was a tribal leader of Onguds and a contemporary of Genghis Khan.

Rabban Bar Ṣawma traveled from Beijing in Asia to Rome and Paris and Bordeaux in Europe, meeting with the major rulers of the period.

Rabban Bar Sauma

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Rabban Bar Ṣawma traveled from Beijing in Asia to Rome and Paris and Bordeaux in Europe, meeting with the major rulers of the period.
Extract of the letter of Arghun to Philip IV, in the Uyghur-Mongolian script, dated 1289, in which Rabban Bar Sauma is mentioned. The seal is that of the Great Khan, with Chinese Script: 「輔國安民之寶」, which means "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". French National Archives.

Rabban Bar Ṣawma (Syriac language: ܪܒܢ ܒܪ ܨܘܡܐ, ; c. undefined 1220 – January 1294), also known as Rabban Ṣawma or Rabban Çauma, was a Turkic Chinese (Uyghur or possibly Ongud) monk turned diplomat of the "Nestorian" Church of the East in China.

George (Ongud king)

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George (c. 1250 – 1298/1299) was the king of the Ongud and an official of the Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century.

Alakhai Bekhi

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Daughter of Genghis Khan and his first wife Börte.

Daughter of Genghis Khan and his first wife Börte.

In 1206, the Ongud allies of Genghis Khan attended his great Kurultai and brought gifts from their lands.

Shatuo

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The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks (also transcribed as Sha-t'o, Sanskrit Sart ) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century.

The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks (also transcribed as Sha-t'o, Sanskrit Sart ) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century.

Li Keyong (856-908), Shatuo warlord in the late Tang dynasty
Li Cunxu (885-926), Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang

From the 10th to 13th centuries, Shatuo remnants possibly joined Mongolic-speaking Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia, and became known as Ongud or White Tatars branch of the Tatars.

Golden Horde

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Originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

Originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

Decisive Golden Horde victory in the Battle of Mohi
Batu Khan establishes the Golden Horde.
Jochi Mausoleum, Karagandy Region
Routes taken by Mongol invaders
The Golden Horde army defeats the Ilkhanate at the battle of Terek in 1262. Many of Hulagu's men drowned in the Terek River while withdrawing.
Tode Mongke Khan of the Golden Horde
Regions in the lower Volga inhabited by the descendants of Nogai Khan
The Jochid vassal princes of Galicia-Volhynia contributed troops for invasions of Europe by Nogai Khan and Talabuga.
The division of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300, with the Golden Horde in yellow
The Bulgarian Empire was still tributary to the Mongols in 1308.
Dmitri avenging the death of his father in the ordo (palace) of Uzbeg Khan, killing Yury.
Territories of the Golden Horde under Öz Beg Khan.
The battle between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Golden Horde in 1363
The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380
Emir Timur and his forces advance against the Golden Horde, Khan Tokhtamysh.
Tokhtamysh besieges Moscow.
The Great stand on the Ugra river, 1480
The Golden Horde and its Rus' tributaries in 1313 under Öz Beg Khan
Alexander Nevsky and a Mongol shaman
Tilework fragments of a palace in Sarai.
Talabuga's coin, dating {{ca.}} 1287–1291 AD.
Jani Beg's coin, dating {{ca.}} 1342–1357 AD.
Berdi Beg's coin minted in Azak, dating {{ca.}} 1357 AD.
Kildibeg's coin minted in Sarai, dating {{ca.}} 1360 AD.
Ordumelik's coin minted in Azak, dating {{ca.}} 1360 AD.
Muscovite coin minted in the name of Abdullah ibn Uzbeg, dating {{ca.}} 1367–1368 or 1369–1370
Dawlat Berdi's coin minted in Kaffa, dating {{ca.}} 1419–1421 or 1428–1432 AD.
Golden Horde raid at Ryazan
Golden Horde raid at Kiev
Golden Horde raid at Kozelsk
Golden Horde raid Vladimir
Golden Horde raid Suzdal
Mongol-Tatar warriors besiege their opponents.
Mongols chase Hungarian king from Mohi, detail from Chronicon Pictum.
The Mongol army captures a Rus' city
Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1285
Edigu's invasion of Rus.
The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, miniature from 16th-century chronicle.
The battle of Liegnitz, 1241. From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend.
Drawing of Mongols of the Golden Horde outside Vladimir presumably demanding submission before sacking the city
Paiza of Abdullah Khan (r. 1361–70) with Mongolian script
Mongol-Tatar raid
A Rus' prince being punished by the Golden Horde

By the beginning of the 14th century, noyans from the Sanchi'ud, Hongirat, Ongud (Arghun), Keniges, Jajirad, Besud, Oirat, and Je'ured clans held importants positions at the court or elsewhere.

Inner Mongolia

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Landlocked autonomous region of the People's Republic of China.

Landlocked autonomous region of the People's Republic of China.

Persian miniature depicting Genghis Khan entering Beijing
The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent
Mongolia plateau during early 17th century
Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820
Mongols stand in front of a yurt, 1912
Delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress shouting slogans
Inner Mongolian steppes
Topography of Inner Mongolia in China
Winter in Ulanbutan Grassland, Hexigten Banner
Theater in Hohhot
Inner Mongolia Gymnasium
Muslim-themed Street in Hohhot
A KFC in Hohhot, the capital, with a bilingual street sign in Chinese and Mongolian
Inner Mongolian carpet c. 1870
Temple of the White Sulde of Genghis Khan in the town of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, in the Mu Us Desert. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and Mongolian folk religion.
Sign of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Jade dragon of the Hongshan culture (4700 BC – 2900 BC) found in Ongniud, Chifeng
Ulaanbutan grassland
Inner Mongolian grassland
Honorary tomb of Wang Zhaojun (born c. 50BC) in Hohhot
Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Baoshan, Ar Horqin
Khitan people cooking. Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Aohan
Remains of the city Khara-Khoto built in 1032. Located in Ejin Khoshuu, Alxa Aimag
Maidari Juu temple fortress ({{zh|labels=no |c=美岱召 |p=měidài zhào}}) built by Altan Khan in 1575 near Baotou
Newly built arch in front of the Maidari Juu temple fortress (1575)
Da Zhao temple (also called Ikh Zuu) built by Altan Khan in 1579
Badekar Monastery (1749) near Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Called Badgar Zuu in Mongolian
Five Pagoda temple (1727) in Hohhot
Badain Jaran temple (1868) in western Inner Mongolia
Genghis Khan Mausoleum (1954)
Genghis Khan Mausoleum (1954)
Alshaa mountain scenery
Alxa Western Monastery (Alshaa Baruun Hiid) built in 1756

During that time Ongud and Khunggirad peoples dominated the area of what is now Inner Mongolia.

Olon Süme

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Archaeological site in northern Darhan Muminggan United Banner of Baotou prefecture level city, Nei Mongol, China.

Archaeological site in northern Darhan Muminggan United Banner of Baotou prefecture level city, Nei Mongol, China.

Since the 1930s the site has been identified as the northern capital of the medieval Ongut kings.