A report on Orchestra

The Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse in public performance at the Grain Hall of Toulouse
Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the 2 March 1916 American premiere of Mahler's 8th Symphony
Conducting an orchestra
Apo Hsu, using a baton, conducts the NTNU Symphony Orchestra in Taipei, Republic of China

Other instruments such as the piano, harpsichord, and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone as soloist instruments, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments and guitars.

- Orchestra
The Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse in public performance at the Grain Hall of Toulouse

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Overall

Herbert von Karajan conducting in 1941

Conducting

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Herbert von Karajan conducting in 1941
Giuseppe Verdi conducting his opera Aida in 1881
Leonard Bernstein conducting the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1985
Conductor's score and batons on a lit, extra-large conductor's music stand
,, or fast time
or time
time
slow time
A conductor, Gerald Wilson, leads a jazz big band
A military conductor leads the U.S. Navy band during Memorial Day ceremonies held at Arlington National Cemetery.
David Baker, a music educator, composer and conductor, (far left) leads the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra during the NEA Jazz Masters awards ceremony and concert in 2008.

Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (seated at the keyboard)

Classical period (music)

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Era of classical music between roughly 1730 and 1820.

Era of classical music between roughly 1730 and 1820.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (seated at the keyboard)
A modern string quartet. In the 2000s, string quartets from the Classical era are the core of the chamber music literature. From left to right: violin 1, violin 2, cello, viola
Gluck, detail of a portrait by Joseph Duplessis, dated 1775 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)
Haydn portrait by Thomas Hardy, 1792
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, posthumous painting by Barbara Krafft in 1819
The opening bars of the Commendatore's aria in Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. The orchestra starts with a dissonant diminished seventh chord (G# dim7 with a B in the bass) moving to a dominant seventh chord (A7 with a C# in the bass) before resolving to the tonic chord (D minor) at the singer's entrance.
The Mozart family c. 1780. The portrait on the wall is of Mozart's mother.
Portrait of Beethoven by Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820
Hummel in 1814
View of Vienna in 1758, by Bernardo Bellotto
1875 oil painting of Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder, after his own 1825 watercolor portrait
Portrait of Mendelssohn by James Warren Childe, 1839
Fortepiano by Paul McNulty after Walter & Sohn, c. 1805

Variety and contrast within a piece became more pronounced than before and the orchestra increased in size, range, and power.

Cello

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Bowed (sometimes plucked and occasionally hit) string instrument of the violin family.

Bowed (sometimes plucked and occasionally hit) string instrument of the violin family.

Cello close-up
Cello open strings
Cello close-up with a bow.
A baroque cello strung with gut strings. Note the absence of fine-tuning pins on the tailpiece.
The cello section of the orchestra of the Munich University of Applied Sciences is shown here.
Apocalyptica at the 2009 Ilosaarirock festival.
Main parts of the cello
The bridge of a cello, with a mute (the mute is not in use)
A cello French bow sul ponticello
Michael Bach, Cello with BACH.Bow
Spectrogram of a D chord arpeggiated on the cello. Yellow bands at the same level indicate the same harmonics excited by the bowing of different notes. Notes played from left to right: D–F–A–F–D.
A cellist
1⁄8 size cello with full size cello
Rosin is applied to bow hair to increase the friction of the bow on the strings.
A brass wolf tone eliminator typically placed on the G string (second string from the left) of a cello, between the bridge and the tailpiece. (The black rubber piece on the D string (third from the left) is a mute.)
The Servais Stradivarius is preserved in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History

As a solo instrument, the cello uses its whole range, from bass to soprano, and in chamber music such as string quartets and the orchestra's string section, it often plays the bass part, where it may be reinforced an octave lower by the double basses.

A full concert band—Indiana Wind Symphony in concert, 2014

Concert band

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Performing ensemble consisting of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments, and occasionally including the harp, double bass, or bass guitar.

Performing ensemble consisting of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments, and occasionally including the harp, double bass, or bass guitar.

A full concert band—Indiana Wind Symphony in concert, 2014
A military band—The United States Army Band
A high school concert band—BHS Band in performance, 2013

Concert band music generally includes original wind compositions, concert marches, transcriptions of orchestral arrangements, light music, and popular music.

Double bass

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Ellen Andrea Wang performing at the Oslo Jazz Festival
Double bass is a standard instrument in bluegrass groups.
Some early basses were conversions of existing violones. This 1640 painting by Peter Lely, a painter of Dutch origin, shows a violone being played.
Jazz bassist Ron Carter pictured playing with his Quartet at "Altes Pfandhaus" in Cologne
Example of a Busetto-shaped double bass: remake of a Matthias Klotz (1700) by Rumano Solano
Principal parts of the double bass
This photo shows the thick soundpost on a double bass (circled in green).
Detail of the bridge and strings
Gut strings
French (upper) and German bows compared
German-style bow
French-style bow
A bassist holding a French bow; note how the thumb rests on the shaft of the bow next to the frog.
A variety of rosin types
The bass (or F) clef is used for most double bass music.
Double bass player Vivien Garry playing a show in New York City in 1947
A low-C extension with wooden mechanical "fingers" that stop the string at C, D, E, or E. For orchestral passages which only go down to a low E, the "finger" at the nut is usually closed.
French double-bass player and composer Renaud Garcia-Fons during a performance
Psychobilly bassist Jimbo Wallace onstage with Reverend Horton Heat; note his large bass stack consisting of a 15-inch cabinet, a quadruple 10-inch cabinet, and an amplifier "head".
Hard flight cases for double basses
A wooden mute attached to the bass bridge to make the tone darker (a drawing from 1900)
The Italian bass virtuoso Domenico Dragonetti helped to encourage composers to give more difficult parts for his instrument.
The virtuoso nineteenth-century bassist and composer Giovanni Bottesini with his 1716 Carlo Antonio Testore bass
Serge Koussevitzky popularized the double bass in modern times as a solo instrument.
Jazz bassist Charles Mingus was also an influential bandleader and composer whose musical interests spanned from bebop to free jazz.
Upright bass used by a bluegrass group; the cable for a piezoelectric pickup can be seen extending from the bridge.
Country music bassist "Too Slim" (Fred LaBour of Riders in the Sky) performing in Ponca City, Oklahoma, in 2008
Jim Creeggan of Barenaked Ladies, pictured at a 2009 show
A mid-sized bass amp used to amplify a double bass at a small jazz gig
Double bass soloist Gary Karr
Christian McBride (born 1972), one of the new "young lions" in the jazz scene, has won four Grammy Awards.
Scott Owen, double bass player for Australian rock band The Living End
Jazz singer/bassist Esperanza Spalding performing on 10 December 2009 at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert of 2009
Manhattan School of Music professor Timothy Cobb teaching a bass lesson in the late 2000s. His bass has a low C extension with a metal "machine" with buttons for playing the pitches on the extension.
A German double bass section in 1952. The player to the left is using a German bow.

The double bass, also known simply as the bass (or by other names), is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed (or plucked) string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra (excluding unorthodox additions such as the octobass).

Violin

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Wooden chordophone in the violin family.

Wooden chordophone in the violin family.

The cupola of Madonna dei Miracoli in Saronno, Italy, with angels playing violin, viola, and cello, dates from 1535 and is one of the earliest depictions of the violin family
1658 Baroque violin by Jacob Stainer
The construction of a violin
Violin and bow.
Closeup of a violin tailpiece, with a fleur-de-lis
Front and back views of violin bridge
Sound post seen through f-hole
3D spectrum diagram of the overtones of a violin G string (foreground). Note that the pitch we hear is the peak around 200 Hz.
The Helmholtz corner traveling back and forth along the string.
Fractional (1⁄16) and full size (4⁄4) violins
Scroll and pegbox, correctly strung
The pitches of open strings on a violin. The note names of the pitches are written in letter names below the stave and their French solfege equivalents above the stave. G=sol; D=re; A=la; E=mi
Heads of three violin bows: (upper) transitional (F. Tourte), swan-bill head of a long 18th-century model, pike-head of a 17th-century model
A man playing the violin on a park bench.
First position fingerings. Note that this diagram only shows the "first position" notes. There are notes of higher pitch beyond those indicated.
Petrowitsch Bissing was an instructor of vibrato method on the violin and published a book titled Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone.
Ad hoc clothespin mute and a rubber practice mute
Andrew Bird with violin, 2009.
Lindsey Stirling performing at TEDx Berkeley, 2012.
Eric Stanley performing at TEDx Richmond, 2013.
The fiddler Hins Anders Ersson painted by Anders Zorn, 1904
Acoustic and electric violins

They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition, both in ensembles (from chamber music to orchestras) and as solo instruments.

A string quartet performing for the Mozart Year 2006 in Vienna

Classical music

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Classical music generally refers to the formal musical tradition of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions.

Classical music generally refers to the formal musical tradition of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions.

A string quartet performing for the Mozart Year 2006 in Vienna
Musician playing the vielle (fourteenth-century Medieval manuscript)
An illuminated opening from the Chigi codex featuring the Kyrie of Ockeghem's Missa Ecce ancilla Domini
Baroque instruments including hurdy-gurdy, harpsichord, bass viol, lute, violin, and baroque guitar
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) portrayed by Thomas Hardy (1791)
Josef Danhauser's 1840 painting of Franz Liszt at the piano surrounded by (from left to right) Alexandre Dumas, Hector Berlioz, George Sand, Niccolò Paganini, Gioachino Rossini, Marie d'Agoult with a bust of Ludwig van Beethoven on the piano.
Igor Stravinsky, by Pablo Picasso, collaborators on Pulcinella (1920)
Youth orchestra in performance
Martha Argerich at the Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires
With the advent of radio broadcasting and record shop, live classical music performances have been compiled into compilation CDs. (WQXR for Tower Records, 1986)

The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries).

Oboe

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Type of double reed woodwind instrument.

Type of double reed woodwind instrument.

Oboe reeds
Oboist Albrecht Mayer preparing reeds for use. Most oboists scrape their own reeds to achieve the desired tone and response.
Renaissance oboe (shawm), baroque oboe (Stanesby copy, maker Olivier Cottet), classical oboe early 19th century (Copy of Sand Dalton on the original by Johann Friedrich Floth), Viennese oboe early 20th century, Viennese oboe late 20th century and a modern oboe
The members of the oboe family from top: heckelphone, bass oboe, cor anglais, oboe d'amore, oboe, and piccolo oboe

Today, the oboe is commonly used as orchestral or solo instrument in symphony orchestras, concert bands and chamber ensembles.

Sonata form in the Classical Concerto. See: trill, cadenza, and coda. For exposition, development and recapitulation, see sonata form.

Concerto

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Sonata form in the Classical Concerto. See: trill, cadenza, and coda. For exposition, development and recapitulation, see sonata form.

A concerto (plural concertos, or concerti from the Italian plural) is, from the late Baroque era, mostly understood as an instrumental composition, written for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra or other ensemble.

Numerous stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop in Hong Kong

String instrument

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String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.

String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.

Numerous stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop in Hong Kong
Viol, fidel and rebec (from left to right) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan
A woman playing some kind of string instrument while riding a horse, Tang dynasty
String fingering is proportional and not fixed, as on the piano
The strings of a piano
Arab string musical instrument on display at the Debbane Palace museum, Lebanon.
The Moroccan loutar uses a soundboard made of goatskin.

Bowed instruments include the string section instruments of the Classical music orchestra (violin, viola, cello and double bass) and a number of other instruments (e.g., viols and gambas used in early music from the Baroque music era and fiddles used in many types of folk music).