A report on Order of Saint Michael

Badge of the Order
King Louis XI sitting on his throne. In the room, a painting of St. Michael killing a serpent. Title page of the Order's statutes, drawn by Jean Fouquet in the 15th century. Bibliothèque Nationale, fr. 19819
Plaque marking the former site of the Chapel of Saint-Michel du Palais, home of the Order from 1496 to 1555
Charles VIII of France, son of Louis XI, wearing the collar of the Order of Saint Michael
Louis XII of France wearing the collar of the Order
King Francis I presiding the Order's knights. Painting from a copy of the statutes from about 1530.
Collar of the Order as used on the Royal Arms of France

French dynastic order of chivalry, founded by King Louis XI of France on 1 August 1469, in competitive response to the Order of the Golden Fleece founded by Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy, Louis' chief competitor for the allegiance of the great houses of France, the dukes of Orléans, Berry, and Brittany.

- Order of Saint Michael
Badge of the Order

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Badge of the Order

Order of the Holy Spirit

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French order of chivalry founded by Henry III of France in 1578.

French order of chivalry founded by Henry III of France in 1578.

Badge of the Order
Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers was the first knight to receive the order
Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain is wearing the cross and star of the Order of the Holy Spirit
Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois in the habit of the Order
Prince Philippe, duc d'Orléans wearing the breast star of the Order
Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, duke of Anjou ("Louis XX"), wearing the insignia of the Order.
Breast star of the Order with diamonds, c. 1750
Breast star from the Bourbon Restoration
The collar of the Order
The collar shown in the arms of France and Navarre
The badge suspended from a blue ribbon
Ceremonial robes of the Order of the Holy Spirit

It was the senior chivalric order of France by precedence, although not by age, since the Order of Saint Michael was established more than a century earlier.

Alfonso XIII of Spain (left) with his cousin-in-law, the future King George V (right) during his State Visit to the United Kingdom in 1905. Alfonso is wearing the uniform of a general of the British Army, the Royal Victorian Chain, the sash and star of the Garter, the cross of the Order of Charles III, the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, and the badge of the four Spanish military orders. George, then Prince of Wales, is wearing the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, the sash and grand cross grade of the Order of Charles III, the Royal Victorian Chain, and the stars of the Garter and the Order of St Michael and St George.

Order of chivalry

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Order of knights, typically founded during or inspired by the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (c.

Order of knights, typically founded during or inspired by the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (c.

Alfonso XIII of Spain (left) with his cousin-in-law, the future King George V (right) during his State Visit to the United Kingdom in 1905. Alfonso is wearing the uniform of a general of the British Army, the Royal Victorian Chain, the sash and star of the Garter, the cross of the Order of Charles III, the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, and the badge of the four Spanish military orders. George, then Prince of Wales, is wearing the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, the sash and grand cross grade of the Order of Charles III, the Royal Victorian Chain, and the stars of the Garter and the Order of St Michael and St George.
Investiture of three new members of the Order of the Knot (miniature from the order's statutes, 1352/4).
Spanish orders of chivalry. In the centre, the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1820
Lemuel Francis Abbott's portrait of Admiral Lord Nelson depicting his honours embroidered on his coat jacket
Insignia of the British Order of the Garter.

Order of Saint Michael, founded by Louis XI of France in 1469

Louis XI wearing his Collar of the Order of Saint Michael, c. 1469

Louis XI

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King of France from 1461 to 1483.

King of France from 1461 to 1483.

Louis XI wearing his Collar of the Order of Saint Michael, c. 1469
In this painting by Jean Fouquet, Louis's father Charles VII is depicted as one of the three magi, and it is assumed that Louis, then dauphin, is one of the other two.
Margaret of Scotland
Charlotte of Savoy
Letter by Louis XI as Dauphin to the Bishop of Grenoble; Montbeliard, December 30, 1444
The Entry of Louis XI into Paris. – Facsimile of a Miniature in the "Chroniques" of Monstrelet, Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century (Imperial Library of Paris).
Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War.
Letter by Louis XI to the Dowager Duchess and Duke of Milan; July 31, 1466

In 1469, Louis founded the Order of St. Michael, probably in imitation of the prestigious Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece, founded by Charles' father Philip the Good, just as King John II of France had founded the now defunct Order of the Star in imitation of the Order of the Garter of King Edward III of England.

Grand Cross of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia

Dynastic order

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Order under royal patronage.

Order under royal patronage.

Grand Cross of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia

The Order of Saint Michael (France)

Portrait by Corneille de Lyon

James V of Scotland

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King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542.

King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542.

Portrait by Corneille de Lyon
Groat of James V, Edinburgh mint, 1526×1539
The four European orders of chivalry to which James V belonged - Garter, Thistle, Golden Fleece, and St Michael - on the outer gate he built at his birthplace, Linlithgow Palace
The James V Tower at Holyrood Palace
Facade of Falkland Palace in the French Renaissance style
Portrait of James V
Portrait of Madeleine of Valois by Corneille de Lyon.
Portrait of Mary of Guise attributed to Corneille de Lyon, c. undefined 1537.
Statue at Stirling Castle, said to depict the Gudeman of Ballengeich
Portrait of James V and Mary of Guise, anonymous artist, c. 1542, at Falkland Palace
John Stewart, Duke of Albany, James V's regent from 1515 to 1524
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, James V's step father
The Royal Vault in the ruins of Holyrood Abbey, which contains the remains of James V

At Linlithgow Palace, James closed off the original east entranceway and formed a new formal access from the south, including an inner gatehouse and an outer entrance gate decorated with the carved arms of the four chivalric orders of which James was a member: Garter, Thistle, Golden Fleece and Saint Michael.

Portrait by Étienne Dumonstier, 1578

Henry III of France

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King of France from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.

King of France from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.

Portrait by Étienne Dumonstier, 1578
Portrait of Henry when he was Duke of Anjou by Jean de Court
The Siege of La Rochelle by the Duke of Anjou in 1573 ("History of Henry III" tapestry, completed in 1623)
Henry III on the Polish throne, in front of the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and aristocracy surrounded by halberdiers, 1574
Escape of Henry III from Poland, by Artur Grottger, 1860
Engraving of Henry III
Coin of Henry III, 1577
The arrival of Henry III of France in Venice, 1574
Henry III in preparation to besiege Paris in 1589
Jacques Clément assassinating Henry III
Henry's coat of arms, showing his dual status as King of France and lifelong King of Poland.
Personal coat of arms
Wax miniature by Antonio Abondio, c. 1590

In 1578, Henry created the Order of the Holy Spirit to commemorate his becoming first King of Poland and later King of France on the Feast of Pentecost and gave it precedence over the earlier Order of St. Michael, which had lost much of its original prestige by being awarded too frequently and too readily.

View from the southeast during sunrise, 2018

Mont-Saint-Michel

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Tidal island and mainland commune in Normandy, France.

Tidal island and mainland commune in Normandy, France.

View from the southeast during sunrise, 2018
Low tide in 2005
The Mont Saint-Michel in 2014 with the new bridge
Inside the walls of Mont Saint-Michel
Bayeux Tapestry scenes 16 and 17: William and Harold at Mont Saint-Michel (at top centre); Harold rescuing knights from quicksand
Cannons abandoned by Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales at Mont Saint-Michel on 17 June 1434
Plan of the mount by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
The cloister
Statue of Archangel Michael atop the spire
10th century
11th to 12th century
17th to 18th century
19th to 21st century

When Louis XI of France founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469, he intended that the abbey church of Mont Saint-Michel become the chapel for the Order, but because of its great distance from Paris, his intention could never be realized.

Collar of the Order of Saint Michael

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Louis XI wearing the Golden Collar of the order of Saint Michael, c. 1469, in what may be the earliest depiction of the collar.

The collar of the Order of Saint Michael is a chivalric collar which was attributed as the most prestigious insignia to the knights of the Order of Saint Michael until 1830.

A 14th century depiction of the 13th century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse.

Knight

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Person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

Person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

A 14th century depiction of the 13th century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse.
A Norman knight slaying Harold Godwinson (Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.
The battle between the Turks and Christian knights during the Ottoman wars in Europe
David I of Scotland knighting a squire
The miles Christianus allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with virtues and facing the vices in mortal combat. The parts of his armour are identified with Christian virtues, thus correlating essential military equipment with the religious values of chivalry: The helmet is spes futuri gaudii (hope of future bliss), the shield (here the shield of the Trinity) is fides (faith), the armour is caritas (charity), the lance is perseverantia (perseverance), the sword is verbum Dei (the word of God), the banner is regni celestis desiderium (desire for the kingdom of heaven), the horse is bona voluntas (good will), the saddle is Christiana religio (Christian religion), the saddlecloth is humilitas (humility), the reins are discretio (discretion), the spurs are disciplina (discipline), the stirrups are propositum boni operis (proposition of good work), and the horse's four hooves are delectatio, consensus, bonum opus, consuetudo (delight, consent, good work, and exercise).
Tournament from the Codex Manesse, depicting the mêlée
Elements of a harness of the late style of Gothic plate armour that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)
Page from King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695)
The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.
Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria)
The Battle of Grunwald between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights in 1410
Pippo Spano, the member of the Order of the Dragon
The English fighting the French knights at the Battle of Crécy in 1346
Miniature from Jean Froissart Chronicles depicting the Battle of Montiel (Castilian Civil War, in the Hundred Years' War)
A modern artistic rendition of a chevalière of the Late Middle Ages.
A battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa Maria
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The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.

the Order of Saint Michael, founded by Louis XI of France in 1469

Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus

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Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (c.

Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (c.

Angus added gunloops for artillery at Tantallon Castle
Artillery gunloops covered the outer gate at Tantallon

Following this victory, Angus was invested with the insignia of a Knight of the Order of St Michael by Francis II of France.