A report on Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean

The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002)

A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean

Partial picture of the Pacific Ocean from space, by the Apollo 11 crew

The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas.

Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail

"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century

Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples, the first seaborne human migration in history (c.3000-1500 BCE)

Map showing a large number of Spanish expeditions across the Pacific Ocean from the 16th to 18th centuries including the Manila galleon route between Acapulco and Manila, the first transpacific trade route in history.

Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller map dated 1507, from a time when the nature of the Americas was ambiguous, particularly North America, as a possible part of Asia, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered a "new world" and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci

Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas

The bathyscaphe Trieste, before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960

Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean

Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842

A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia

Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. tops of thunderclouds are also visible.

1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America.

The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin

Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721)

Regions, island nations and territories of Oceania

"Terres Australes" (sic) label without any charted landmass

Tarawa Atoll in the Republic of Kiribati

James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig and the cutter Beaufroy

Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S.

Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it."

Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America

Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979

USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840.

Ring of Fire. The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches.

1911 South Polar Regions exploration map

Ulawun stratovolcano situated on the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea

Frank Hurley, As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia.

MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg.

Pacific Ocean currents have created 3 "islands" of debris.

Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean

Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. 2020.

An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island (AGB-1), USS Atka (AGB-3), and USS Glacier (AGB-4) near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965

Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.

Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754.

Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-01-093/|title=Library Acquires Copy of 1507 Waldseemüller World Map – News Releases (Library of Congress)|publisher=Loc.gov|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref>

Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707

Ladrilleros Beach in Colombia on the coast of Chocó natural region

Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean

A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia

Los Molinos on the coast of Southern Chile

Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic

Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web.

A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens)

An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel

Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard.

It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

- Pacific Ocean

As such, with 20,327,000 km2, it is regarded as the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean.

- Southern Ocean

6 related topics with Alpha

Indian Ocean

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Third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering 70560000 km2 or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface.

The Indian Ocean, according to the CIA The World Factbook (blue area), and as defined by the IHO (black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies).

During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions.

Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond.

Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right)

According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean.

The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean.

Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei 1st century CE

The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. undefined 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery.

For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade.

Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020.

An unnamed Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971 shortly before the British expelled the islanders when the island became a U.S. military base. The man spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were most likely brought to the uninhabited island as slaves in the 19th century.

Major ocean trade routes in the world includes the northern Indian Ocean.

Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast

To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use.

It was earlier known as the Eastern Ocean, a term that was still in use during the mid-18th century (see map), as opposed to the Western Ocean (Atlantic) before the Pacific was surmised.

Ocean

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Body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water.

The Atlantic, one component of the system, makes up 23% of the "global ocean".

World distribution of mid-oceanic ridges; USGS

Map of large underwater features (1995, NOAA)

Ocean chlorophyll concentration is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. In this map, blue colors represent lower chlorophyll and reds represent higher chlorophyll. Satellite-measured chlorophyll is estimated based on ocean color by how green the color of the water appears from space.

The major oceanic zones, based on depth and biophysical conditions

A map of the global thermohaline circulation; blue represents deep-water currents, whereas red represents surface currents.

Map of the Gulf Stream, a major ocean current that transports heat from the equator to northern latitudes and moderates the climate of Europe.

High tide and low tide in the Bay of Fundy, Canada.

The ocean is a major driver of Earth's water cycle.

Annual mean sea surface salinity in practical salinity units (psu) from the World Ocean Atlas.

Sea surface oxygen concentration in moles per cubic meter from the World Ocean Atlas.

Diagram of the ocean carbon cycle showing the relative size of stocks (storage) and fluxes.

Residence time of elements in the ocean depends on supply by processes like rock weathering and rivers vs. removal by processes like evaporation and sedimentation.

Separate names are used to identify five different areas of the ocean: Pacific (the largest), Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic (the smallest).

Southern Hemisphere

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Half of Earth that is south of the Equator.

The Southern Hemisphere highlighted in yellow. The hemispheres appear to be unequal in this image because Antarctica is not shown and the Equator slightly too low, but in reality are the same size.

Aurora australis appearing in the night sky of Swifts Creek, 100 km north of Lakes Entrance, Victoria, Australia

Aurora australis appearing from Stewart Island / Rakiura in the south of New Zealand

A photo of Earth from Apollo 17 (Blue Marble) with the south pole at the top and the continent of Africa.

It contains all or parts of five continents (Antarctica, Australia, about 90% of South America, approx. one third of Africa, and some islands off the continental mainland of Asia) and four oceans (Indian Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, and South Pacific Ocean), as well as New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania.

Tasman Sea

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Smoke from the Black Saturday bushfires crosses the southern Tasman Sea

The Tasman Sea (Māori: Te Tai-o-Rēhua, Tasman Sii) is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand.

South and southeast: Southern Ocean

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

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Ocean current that flows clockwise (as seen from the South Pole) from west to east around Antarctica.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the strongest current system in the world oceans and the only ocean current linking all major oceans: the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Seawater density fronts after.

The ACC (red circle near the middle of the image) in relation to the global thermohaline circulation [ (animation)]

The Falkland Current transports nutrient-rich cold waters from the ACC north toward the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence. Phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration are shown in blue (lower concentrations) and yellow (higher concentrations).

The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean and has a mean transport estimated at 100–150 Sverdrups (Sv, million m3/s), or possibly even higher, making it the largest ocean current.

The ACC connects the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and serves as a principal pathway of exchange among them.

Southern Oscillation Index timeseries 1876–2017.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

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Irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Southern Oscillation Index correlated with mean sea level pressure.

Diagram of the quasi-equilibrium and La Niña phase of the Southern Oscillation. The Walker circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds which move water and air warmed by the sun towards the west. The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet low pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms. The ocean is some 60 cm higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion. The water and air are returned to the east. Both are now much cooler, and the air is much drier. An El Niño episode is characterised by a breakdown of this water and air cycle, resulting in relatively warm water and moist air in the eastern Pacific.

The various "Niño regions" where sea surface temperatures are monitored to determine the current ENSO phase (warm or cold)

The 1997 El Niño observed by TOPEX/Poseidon

The regions where the air pressure are measured and compared to generate the Southern Oscillation Index

A Hovmöller diagram of the 5-day running mean of outgoing longwave radiation showing the MJO. Time increases from top to bottom in the figure, so contours that are oriented from upper-left to lower-right represent movement from west to east.

Colored bars show how El Niño years (red, regional warming) and La Niña years (blue, regional cooling) relate to overall global warming.

Normally the northward flowing Humboldt Current brings relatively cold water from the Southern Ocean northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of Peru.

This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters.