A report on Partition of Ireland

Political map of Ireland
Result in Ireland of the December 1910 United Kingdom general election showing a large majority for the Irish Parliamentary Party.
Ulster Volunteers marching in Belfast, 1914
Result of the 1918 general election in Ireland showing the dramatic swing in support for Sinn Féin
Catholic-owned businesses destroyed by loyalists in Lisburn, August 1920
Crowds in Belfast for the state opening of the Northern Ireland Parliament on 22 June 1921
Members of the Irish negotiation committee returning to Ireland in December 1921
North East Boundary Bureau recommendations May 1923
James Craig (centre) with members of the first government of Northern Ireland
The Boundary Commission's proposed changes to the border
A republican anti-partition march in London, 1980s

The process by which the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland divided Ireland into two self-governing polities: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.

- Partition of Ireland
Political map of Ireland

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Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland)

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The Nationalist Party (An Páirtí Náisiúnach) was the continuation of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and was formed after the partition of Ireland, by the Northern Ireland-based members of the IPP.

St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh.

Catholic Church in Ireland

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Part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See.

Part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See.

St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh.
The Christianisation of Ireland is associated with the 5th century activities of Saint Patrick.
"Christ Enthroned" from the Book of Kells. Created at a Columban monastery, it was at the Abbey of Kells for many centuries.
Monastic cells on Skellig Michael, off the coast of the Iveragh Peninsula, dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel. Irish monasticism was known for its asceticism.
Mellifont Abbey, was a Cistercian abbey located close to Drogheda in today's County Louth. It was the first abbey of the order to be built in Ireland. In 1152, it hosted the Synod of Kells-Mellifont.
Ennis Friary, was a Franciscan monastery in today's County Clare. It was founded by the Ó Briain clan in the Kingdom of Thomond. Mendicant orders became a common feature in 13th century Ireland.
St. Oliver Plunkett, Primate of All Ireland was executed by the English during the "Popish Plot" affair.
Mass in a Connemara Cabin by Aloysius O'Kelly, 1883. The custom of priests saying Mass secretly in people's homes dates to the penal laws-era. It was especially common in rural areas.
Catholic Emancipation Centenary procession from the Phoenix Park, 1929
Corpus Christi procession, Cahir, 1963
Catholic Dioceses in the island of Ireland

At the partition of Ireland in 1922, 92.6% of the south's population were Catholic while 7.4% were Protestant.

Robinson and Cleaver Department Store in Belfast, decorated for the State Opening of the first Northern Ireland parliament. 22 June 1921.

Parliament of Northern Ireland

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The home rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended because of its inability to restore order during The Troubles, resulting in the introduction of Direct Rule.

The home rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended because of its inability to restore order during The Troubles, resulting in the introduction of Direct Rule.

Robinson and Cleaver Department Store in Belfast, decorated for the State Opening of the first Northern Ireland parliament. 22 June 1921.

The 1921 general election was explicitly fought on the issue of partition, being in effect a referendum on approval of the concept of a Northern Ireland administration.

George V in 1923

George V

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King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.

King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.

George V in 1923
George as a young boy, 1870
George, 1893
George and Mary on their wedding day
George with his children, Edward, Albert, and Mary, photographed by Alexandra in 1899
Painting by Tom Roberts of the Duke opening the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901
Portrait by Fildes, 1911
The King and Queen at the Delhi Durbar, 1911
A George V half-sovereign (Bertram Mackennal, sculptor)
"A good riddance" — a cartoon of 1917 shows George sweeping away his German titles
George V (right) and his cousin Nicholas II of Russia in German uniforms before the war
The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921
1926 Imperial Conference: George V and the prime ministers of the Empire. Clockwise from centre front: George V, Baldwin (United Kingdom), Monroe (Newfoundland), Coates (New Zealand), Bruce (Australia), Hertzog (South Africa), Cosgrave (Irish Free State), King (Canada).
The King's Christmas broadcast, 1934
Portrait by Arthur Stockdale Cope, 1933
Statue of King George V in King George Square outside Brisbane City Hall
George V Statue in Kolkata, Victoria Memorial Museum

By the end of 1922, Ireland was partitioned, the Irish Free State was established, and Lloyd George was out of office.

Market Square in 1880

Lisburn

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City in Northern Ireland.

City in Northern Ireland.

Market Square in 1880
Barbour's Hilden Mills, c 1880
Lisburn Volunteers in Market Place firing a feu de joie in honour of the Dungannon Convention1782.
"Education indeed! What next? The people of Lisburn commencing to think for themselves will become absolutely uncontrollable. Ha you infernal young brats, there is not one of your parents, Widow or ot not, whose rent I will not double." Comment on Lord Hertford's agent, the Rev. James Stannus, Rector of Lisburn Cathedral, circa 1850
Catholic-owned businesses destroyed by loyalists in Lisburn
John Nicholson centenary memorial (1922), Lisburn
Canal lock and Lisburn Civic Centre
Lisburn railway station
Lisburn's Buscentre
Lisburn City Centre
The Old Town Hall in Castle Street

In 1920, Lisburn saw violence related to the Irish War of Independence and partition of Ireland.

Arthur Griffith

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Irish writer, newspaper editor and politician who founded the political party Sinn Féin.

Irish writer, newspaper editor and politician who founded the political party Sinn Féin.

Griffith seen in July 1922, a month before his death
Michael Collins with Arthur Griffith
Griffith's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin
Richard Mulcahy and Michael Collins at Arthur Griffith's funeral
Arthur Griffith and three of the four other members of the Irish delegation (George Gavan Duffy, Erskine Childers and Robert Barton) for the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations in 1921

However, this idea was never really embraced by later separatist leaders, especially Michael Collins, and never came to anything, although Kevin O'Higgins toyed with the idea as a means of ending partition, shortly before his assassination in 1927.

The Seán Hogan flying column during the War of Independence

Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)

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Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation.

Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation.

The Seán Hogan flying column during the War of Independence
The signed last page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Partition was not by itself the key breaking point between pro- and anti-Treaty campaigners; both sides expected the Boundary Commission to greatly reduce Northern Ireland.

Map of Ireland's various county, urban, and rural district councils.

1920 Irish local elections

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Elections were held in January and June 1920 for the various county and district councils of Ireland.

Elections were held in January and June 1920 for the various county and district councils of Ireland.

Map of Ireland's various county, urban, and rural district councils.

The election results provide historians with a barometer of public opinion in what would be the last elections held on an all-island basis: the Government of Ireland Act 1920 passed at the end of the year effected the partition of Ireland from 1921.

The counties of Ulster (modern boundaries) that were colonised during the plantations. This map is a simplified one, as the amount of land actually colonised did not cover the entire shaded area.

Plantation of Ulster

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The organised colonisation (plantation) of Ulster – a province of Ireland – by people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I.

The organised colonisation (plantation) of Ulster – a province of Ireland – by people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I.

The counties of Ulster (modern boundaries) that were colonised during the plantations. This map is a simplified one, as the amount of land actually colonised did not cover the entire shaded area.
A map of southern Ulster c.1609, just before the Plantation
Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland, one of the main planners of the Plantation
A plan of the new city of Londonderry c.1622
Percentage of Catholics in each electoral division in Ulster. Based on census figures from 2001 (UK) and 2006 (ROI).
0–10% dark orange, 10–30% mid orange,
30–50% light orange, 50–70% light green,
70–90% mid green, 90–100% dark green
Ireland Protestants 1861–2011 (The (dark) blue areas include other non-Catholics and non-religious).

This argument therefore sees the Plantation as one of the long-term causes of the Partition of Ireland in 1921, as the north-east remained as part of the United Kingdom in Northern Ireland.

Fermanagh County Council

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The authority responsible for local government in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, between 1899 and 1973.

The authority responsible for local government in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, between 1899 and 1973.

In 1921, shortly before the partition of Ireland and transfer of power from the Dublin Castle administration, Fermanagh County Council passed a resolution on a 13–10 majority not to recognise the newly formed Parliament of Northern Ireland and pledged their allegiance to the unrecognised republican Second Dáil of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic in Southern Ireland before the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.