Perforator vein
perforators
Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.wikipedia

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Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs
lower limbs venous ultrasonographyUltrasonography of chronic insufficiency of the legsultrasound
In this case, lower limbs venous ultrasonography plays an important role in evaluating which continent perforators can be used.
Perforator veins drain superficial veins into the deep veins.









Deep fascia
investing fasciafasciadeep investing fascia
Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.
Muscle
musclesmuscularmusculature
Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.









Superficial vein
superficial veinssuperficialsuperficial vessels
Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.

Deep vein
deepdeep veinsdeep vessels
Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.

Regurgitation (circulation)
regurgitationvalvular regurgitationbackflow
They have valves which prevent blood flowing back (regurgitation) from deep to superficial veins in muscular systole or contraction.
Systole
systolicsystolic pressureventricular systole
They have valves which prevent blood flowing back (regurgitation) from deep to superficial veins in muscular systole or contraction.
Venous ulcer
leg ulcerVaricose ulcerVenous insufficiency ulceration
The resulting reflux can cause a rapid deterioration in an existing varicose disease and be responsible for the development of venous ulcers.




Surgical incision
incisionincisionssurgical wound
In 1985, G. Hauer described the Sub-fascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) technique allowing IPVs to be clipped through a small incision.
Laparoscopy
laparoscopiclaparoscopic surgerylaparoscopically
SEPS was superseded in 2001 by a minimally invasive technique using pin hole surgery, called TRansLuminal Occlusion of Perforators (TRLOP) which by 2009 had shown to be as effective as SEPS in a 5-year study.






Perforator flaps
Some perforators can have a mixed septal and intramuscular course before reaching the skin.


Venous thrombosis
venous thromboembolismthromboembolismthromboembolic disease
Nevertheless, they can progress to the deep veins through the perforator veins or, they can be responsible for a lung embolism mainly if the head of the clot is poorly attached to the vein wall and is situated near the sapheno-femoral junction.

Varicose veins
varicose veinvaricositiesvaricose
There is increasing evidence for the role of incompetent perforator veins (or "perforators") in the formation of varicose veins.


Ultrasonography of deep vein thrombosis
Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosisUltrasonography for deep venous thrombosisultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis
All collateral veins are better detected this way, including perforator veins, but of most importance is the detection of venous thrombosis.



Radiofrequency ablation
fulgurationradio frequency ablationradiofrequency
Radiofrequency ablation is used to treat the great saphenous vein, the small saphenous vein, and the perforator veins.



Human leg
leglegslower limb
A series of perforator veins interconnect the superficial and deep systems.









Telangiectasia
spider veinstelangiectasiastelangiectases
Research has shown that 88-89% of women with telangectasia (spider veins) have refluxing reticular veins close, and 15% have incompetent perforator veins nearby.

Posterior tibial vein
posterior tibial veinsposterior tibialvein
They receive the most important perforator veins: the Cockett perforators, superior, medial and inferior.


Communicating vein
Communicating veinsperforating veins
In this case they are called perforator veins and have a very important role in the venous system hemodynamics.