A report on Periodization

Petrarch conceived of the idea of a European "Dark Age" which later evolved into the tripartite periodization of Western history into Ancient, Post-classical and Modern.

Process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified and named blocks of time.

- Periodization
Petrarch conceived of the idea of a European "Dark Age" which later evolved into the tripartite periodization of Western history into Ancient, Post-classical and Modern.

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Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818

Romanticism

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Artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

Artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818
Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron
Philipp Otto Runge, The Morning, 1808
William Blake, The Little Girl Found, from Songs of Innocence and Experience, 1794
John William Waterhouse, The Lady of Shalott, 1888, after a poem by Tennyson; like many Victorian paintings, romantic but not Romantic.
Henry Wallis, The Death of Chatterton 1856, by suicide at 17 in 1770
Title page of Volume III of Des Knaben Wunderhorn, 1808
William Wordsworth (pictured) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature in 1798 with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads
Portrait of Lord Byron by Thomas Phillips, . The Byronic hero first reached the wider public in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–1818).
Robert Burns in Alexander Nasmyth's portrait of 1787
Raeburn's portrait of Walter Scott in 1822
The "battle of Hernani" was fought nightly at the theatre in 1830
Adam Mickiewicz on the Ayu-Dag, by Walenty Wańkowicz, 1828
Juliusz Słowacki, a Polish poet considered one of the "Three National Bards" of Polish literature—a major figure in the Polish Romantic period, and the father of modern Polish drama.
El escritor José de Espronceda, portrait by Antonio María Esquivel (c. 1845) (Museo del Prado, Madrid)
Portuguese poet, novelist, politician and playwright Almeida Garrett (1799–1854)
Italian poet Isabella di Morra, sometimes cited as a precursor of Romantic poets
A print exemplifying the contrast between neoclassical vs. romantic styles of landscape and architecture (or the "Grecian" and the "Gothic" as they are termed here), 1816
Dennis Malone Carter, Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat, 1878. Romanticist vision of the Battle of Tripoli, during the First Barbary War. It represents the moment when the American war hero Stephen Decatur was fighting hand-to-hand against the Muslim pirate captain.
Thomas Cole, The Course of Empire: The Savage State (1 of 5), 1836
Thomas Jones, The Bard, 1774, a prophetic combination of Romanticism and nationalism by the Welsh artist
Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, Ossian receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes (1800–02), Musée national de Malmaison et Bois-Préau, Château de Malmaison
Cavalier gaulois by Antoine-Augustin Préault, Pont d'Iéna, Paris
Ludwig van Beethoven, painted by Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Portrait of Niccolò Paganini, 1819
Frédéric Chopin in 1838 by Eugène Delacroix
Akseli Gallen-Kallela, The Forging of the Sampo, 1893. An artist from Finland deriving inspiration from the Finnish "national epic", the Kalevala
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers, Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, 1834, Musée d'Art Ancien, Brussels. A romantic vision by a Belgian painter.
Hans Gude, Fra Hardanger, 1847. Example of Norwegian romantic nationalism.
The November Uprising (1830–31), in the Kingdom of Poland, against the Russian Empire
Hameau de la Reine, Palace of Versailles (1783–1785)
Royal Pavilion in Brighton by John Nash (1815–1823)
Cologne Cathedral (1840–80)
Grand Staircase of the Paris Opera by Charles Garnier (1861–75)
Basilica of Sacré-Cœur by Paul Abadie (1875–1914)
George Stubbs, A Lion Attacking a Horse (1770), oil on canvas, 38 in. x 49 1/2in., Yale Center for British Art
Henry Fuseli, 1781, The Nightmare, a classical artist whose themes often anticipate the Romantic
Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808, 1814
Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1819
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830
J. M. W. Turner, The Fighting Téméraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up, 1839
Thomas Cole, Childhood (1842), one of the four scenes in The Voyage of Life
Thomas Cole, ''The Voyage of Life
William Blake, Albion Rose, 1794–95
Louis Janmot, from his series The Poem of the Soul, before 1854
Felix Mendelssohn, 1839
Robert Schumann, 1839
Franz Liszt, 1847
Daniel Auber, c. 1868
Hector Berlioz by Gustave Courbet, 1850
Giovanni Boldini, Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi, 1886
Richard Wagner, c. 1870s
Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1847
Gustav Mahler, 1896
Joseph Vernet, 1759, Shipwreck; the 18th-century "sublime"
Joseph Wright, 1774, Cave at evening, Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts
Philip James de Loutherbourg, Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801, a key location of the English Industrial Revolution
Théodore Géricault, The Charging Chasseur, c. 1812
Ingres, The Death of Leonardo da Vinci, 1818, one of his Troubadour style works
Eugène Delacroix, Collision of Moorish Horsemen, 1843–44
Eugène Delacroix, The Bride of Abydos, 1857, after the poem by Byron
Joseph Anton Koch, Waterfalls at Subiaco, 1812–1813, a "classical" landscape to art historians
James Ward, 1814–1815, Gordale Scar
John Constable, 1821, The Hay Wain, one of Constable's large "six footers"
J. C. Dahl, 1826, Eruption of Vesuvius, by Friedrich's closest follower
William Blake, c. 1824–27, The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides, Tate
Karl Bryullov, The Last Day of Pompeii, 1833, The State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
Isaac Levitan, Pacific, 1898, State Russian Museum, St.Petersburg
J. M. W. Turner, The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons (1835), Philadelphia Museum of Art
Hans Gude, Winter Afternoon, 1847, National Gallery of Norway, Oslo
Ivan Aivazovsky, 1850, The Ninth Wave, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg
John Martin, 1852, The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Laing Art Gallery
Frederic Edwin Church, 1860, Twilight in the Wilderness, Cleveland Museum of Art
Albert Bierstadt, 1863, The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak

It was only toward the end of the 19th century that the newly emergent discipline of Musikwissenschaft (musicology)—itself a product of the historicizing proclivity of the age—attempted a more scientific periodization of music history, and a distinction between Viennese Classical and Romantic periods was proposed.

Leonid Grinin

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Russian philosopher of history, sociologist, political anthropologist, economist, and futurologist.

Russian philosopher of history, sociologist, political anthropologist, economist, and futurologist.

Grinin suggests a four-staged periodization of historical process.