A report on Poll tax

Receipt for payment of poll tax, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, 1917 (the $1 tax has the purchasing power of $0 today)

Tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual , without reference to income or resources.

- Poll tax
Receipt for payment of poll tax, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, 1917 (the $1 tax has the purchasing power of $0 today)

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Overall
Total revenue from direct and indirect taxes given as share of GDP in 2017

Tax

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Compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures (regional, local, or national), and tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behaviour aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are paying the right amount of tax at the right time and securing the correct tax allowances and tax reliefs.

Compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures (regional, local, or national), and tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behaviour aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are paying the right amount of tax at the right time and securing the correct tax allowances and tax reliefs.

Total revenue from direct and indirect taxes given as share of GDP in 2017
Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The tax collector's office, 1640
Substitution effect and income effect with a taxation on y good.
Budget's constraint shift after an introduction of a lump sum tax or a general tax on consumption or a proportional income tax.
The Laffer curve. In this case, the critical point is at a tax rate of 70%. Revenue increases until this peak, then it starts decreasing.
General government revenue, in % of GDP, from social contributions. For this data, the variance of GDP per capita with purchasing power parity (PPP) is explained in 20% by social contributions revenue.
Egyptian peasants seized for non-payment of taxes. (Pyramid Age)
Public finance revenue from taxes in % of GDP. For this data, the variance of GDP per capita with purchasing power parity (PPP) is explained in 32% by tax revenue.
Diagram illustrating deadweight costs of taxes

In U.S. constitutional law, for instance, direct taxes refer to poll taxes and property taxes, which are based on simple existence or ownership.

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Jizya

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Per capita yearly taxation historically levied in the form of financial charge on dhimmis, that is, permanent non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

Per capita yearly taxation historically levied in the form of financial charge on dhimmis, that is, permanent non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

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Indian Emperor Aurangzeb, who re-introduced jizya
A jizya document from 17th century Ottoman Empire.

Muhammad Abdel-Haleem states that the term poll tax does not translate the Arabic word jizya, being also inaccurate in light of the exemptions granted to children, women, etc., unlike a poll tax, which by definition is levied on every individual (poll = head) regardless of gender, age, or ability to pay.

The boy-king Richard II meets the rebels on 14 June 1381, in a miniature from a 1470s copy of Jean Froissart's Chronicles.

Peasants' Revolt

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Major uprising across large parts of England in 1381.

Major uprising across large parts of England in 1381.

The boy-king Richard II meets the rebels on 14 June 1381, in a miniature from a 1470s copy of Jean Froissart's Chronicles.
English soldiers landing in Normandy, c. 1380–1400, during the Hundred Years' War
Sheep farming, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1320–40
Peasant longbowmen at practice, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1320–1340
15th-century representation of the cleric John Ball encouraging the rebels; Wat Tyler is shown in red, front left
Map of London in 1381: A – Clerkenwell; B – Priory of St. John; C – Smithfield; D – Newgate and Fleet Prisons; E – The Savoy Palace; F – The Temple; G – Black Friars; H – Aldgate; I – Mile End; J – Westminster; K – Southwark; L – Marshalsea Prison; M – London Bridge; N – Tower of London
Late 15th-century depiction of the Tower of London and its keep, the White Tower
Late 14th-century depiction of William Walworth killing Wat Tyler; the King is represented twice, watching events unfold (left) and addressing the crowd (right). British Library, London.
The Abbey Gate of Bury St Edmunds Abbey, stormed by the rebels on 13 June
Corpus Christi College's Old Court, attacked by the rebels on 15 June
An illustration from Vox Clamantis by John Gower, a poem which described and condemned the Revolt, in Glasgow University Library.
A 14th-century carving of Henry Despenser, the victor of the Battle of North Walsham in Norfolk
Late 14th-century portrait of Richard II in Westminster Abbey
14th-century rural scene of a reeve directing serfs, from the Queen Mary Psalter. British Library, London.
Historian William Stubbs, who considered the revolt "one of the most portentous events in the whole of our history", painted by Hubert von Herkomer.
Illustration from title page to William Morris's A Dream of John Ball (1888), by Edward Burne-Jones

His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country.

Head tax receipt. The head tax was introduced in 1885, as a means of controlling Chinese immigration.

Chinese head tax in Canada

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Fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada.

Fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada.

Head tax receipt. The head tax was introduced in 1885, as a means of controlling Chinese immigration.

The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 and it was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR).

Chinese Immigration Act certificate released on 2 August 1918

Chinese Immigration Act of 1885

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Chinese Immigration Act certificate released on 2 August 1918

The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 was a Canadian Act of Parliament that placed a head tax of $50 on all Chinese immigrants entering Canada.

Regressive tax

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Tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases.

Tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases.

Poll taxes

Dhimmi

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Historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

Historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

The Iranian Shi'a Muslim Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini indicates in his book Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist that non-Muslims should be required to pay the poll tax, in return for which they would profit from the protection and services of the state; they would, however, be excluded from all participation in the political process. Bernard Lewis remarks about Khomeini that one of his main grievances against the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was that his legislation allowed the theoretical possibility of non-Muslims exercising political or judicial authority over Muslims.

A portrait commissioned in c. 1593 by Sir Edward Hoby for Queenborough Castle, Kent, probably modelled on Gaunt's tomb effigy in Old St Paul's Cathedral. His tabard shows the royal arms of Castile and León impaling his differenced Plantagenet arms, while on the shield Castile and León is shown as an inescutcheon of pretence, representing his claim to that kingdom by right of marriage to Constance of Castile.

John of Gaunt

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English royal prince, military leader, and statesman.

English royal prince, military leader, and statesman.

A portrait commissioned in c. 1593 by Sir Edward Hoby for Queenborough Castle, Kent, probably modelled on Gaunt's tomb effigy in Old St Paul's Cathedral. His tabard shows the royal arms of Castile and León impaling his differenced Plantagenet arms, while on the shield Castile and León is shown as an inescutcheon of pretence, representing his claim to that kingdom by right of marriage to Constance of Castile.
Illustration of descent of John of Gaunt and of his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, from King Henry III
Kenilworth Castle, a massive fortress extensively modernised and given a new Great Hall by John of Gaunt after 1350
Marriage of John of Gaunt to Blanche of Lancaster at Reading Abbey in 1359: a painting by Horace Wright (1914)
John of Gaunt dines with John I of Portugal, to discuss a joint Anglo-Portuguese invasion of Castile (from Jean de Wavrin's Chronique d'Angleterre)
1640 drawing of tombs of Katherine Swynford and daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, in Lincoln Cathedral
Queen Mary I of England and her husband, Philip II of Spain: both were descended from John of Gaunt
The tomb of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in St. Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by Wenceslaus Hollar. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands.
Coat of arms of John of Gaunt asserting his kingship over Castile and León, showing the royal arms of Castile and León impaling his paternal arms (the royal arms of England), with his heraldic difference. Later in his life the two sides were reversed.

He also succeeded in forcing the Commons to agree to the imposition of the first poll tax in English history—a viciously regressive measure that bore hardest on the poorest members of society.

Douglas Mason

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Scottish policymaker, writer and antiquarian bookseller.

Scottish policymaker, writer and antiquarian bookseller.

He came to be known as the "father of the poll tax".

Fixed tax

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Lump sum tax that is not measured as a percentage of the tax base .

Lump sum tax that is not measured as a percentage of the tax base .

Fixed taxes like a poll tax or sin tax are often considered regressive, but could have progressive effects if applied to luxury goods and services.