Proto-industrialization and Related Topics

A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835.

Industrial Revolution

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The transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

Handloom weaving in 1747, from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness

European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, superimposed upon modern political boundaries.

A model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.

The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton. The mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour. Bolton Museum, Greater Manchester

The interior of Marshall's Temple Works in Leeds, West Yorkshire

Lombe's Mill site today, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill

The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal. The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulfur and silica. This opened the way to increased iron production.

The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron opened in 1781.

Horizontal (lower) and vertical (upper) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace. A. Fireplace grate; B. Firebricks; C. Cross binders; D. Fireplace; E. Work door; F. Hearth; G. Cast iron retaining plates; H. Bridge wall

A Watt steam engine. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.

Newcomen's steam-powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine. Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution.

Maudslay's famous early screw-cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800

The Middletown milling machine of c. 1818, associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North

The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843).
Cement was used in the world's first underwater tunnel.

The Crystal Palace housed the Great Exhibition of 1851

The Bridgewater Canal, famous because of its commercial success, crossing the Manchester Ship Canal, one of the last canals to be built.

Construction of the first macadam road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".

Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success.

Winchester High Street, 1853. The number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) in towns and cities rapidly grew in the 18th century.

The Black Country in England, west of Birmingham

Manchester, England ("Cottonopolis"), pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factory chimneys

A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain, laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.

Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.

Slater's Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany, 1868

Sir Henry Bessemer's Bessemer converter, the most important technique for making steel from the 1850s to the 1950s. Located in Sheffield (Steel City)

Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution.

Interior of the London Coal Exchange, c. 1808.
European 17th-century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th-century industrial growth.

As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies.

William Bell Scott Iron and Coal, 1855–60

William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe, 1716, Sir James Thornhill. Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain, absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king Louis XIV.

A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery by Joseph Wright of Derby (c. 1766). Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances

A primitive lifestyle living outside the Industrial Revolution

A dog forced to eat trash due to pollution, the Industrial Revolution has forced animals into harsh environments most are unable to survive in, leading to starvation and eventual extinction

Britain had major military and political hegemony on the Indian subcontinent; particularly with the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal, through the activities of the East India Company.

The largest subdivision of the Mughal Empire (and later an independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal) encompassing much of the Bengal region, which includes modern Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, Indian state of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odissa between the 16th and 18th centuries.

Dutch East India Company factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Bengal by Hendrik van Schuylenburgh (c. 1665)

The Mughal absorption of Bengal initially progressed during the reigns of the first two emperors Babur and Humayun

Akbar developed the modern Bengali calendar

Dhaka, the capital of Bengal, was named Jahangir Nagar in honor of the fourth Mughal monarch Jahangir

Robert Clive meets Mir Jafar at the Battle of Plassey in 1757

Shah Alam II granting Robert Clive the "Diwani rights of Bengal, Behar and Odisha" in return for the annexed territories of the Nawab of Awadh after the Battle of Buxar, on 12 August 1765 at the Benares.

Mobile artillery battries, loyal to the Nawab of Bengal.

Bengali curved roofs were copied by Mughal architects in other parts of the empire, such as in the Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore

Nimtoli Deuri, named after the neem tree, is now a property of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh is now a Heritage Museum.

The Armenian church and cemetery in Dhaka

Maddison's estimates of global GDP, China and India being the most powerful until the 18th century.

A 3D reconstruction of the Bara Katra in modern-day Dhaka

A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin, 18th century

Munim Khan (seated, right), the first Viceroy of Mughal Bengal (1574–1575)

Man Singh I, the Rajput Viceroy of Bengal (1594–1606)

Viceroy Muhammad Azam Shah (1678–1679), later Mughal Emperor

Viceroy Azim-us-Shan (1697–1712), later Mughal Emperor

Daud Khan receives a robe from Munim Khan

Battle of Chittagong in 1666 between the Mughals and Arakanese

Jamdani muslin is a legacy of Mughal Bengal

Murshidabad-style painting of a woman playing the sitar

Scroll painting of a Ghazi riding a Bengal tiger

Bengal was the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent, due to their thriving merchants, Seth's, Bankers and traders and its proto-industrial economy showed signs of driving an Industrial revolution.

The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb ((r. 1658 – 1707))

Mughal Empire

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Early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle. On the left: Shah Jahan, Akbar and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, Miran Shah. On the right: Aurangzeb, Jahangir and Humayun, and two of Timur's other offspring Umar Shaykh and Muhammad Sultan. Created c. 1707–12

Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2

Miniature painting - Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin

Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century

Ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka.

Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "Urdu" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.

Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India

Lalbagh Fort aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Illustration by the 17th-century Mughal artist Ustad Mansur

"Alexander Visits the Sage Plato in His Mountain Cave"; illustration by the 16th-century Indian artist Basawan, in a folio from a quintet of the 13th-century Indian poet Amir Khusrau Dihlavi

Folio from Farhang-i-Jahangiri, a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.

Mughal India's economy has been described as a form of proto-industrialization, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution.

Bangladesh

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Country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of either 148460 km2 or 147570 km2, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by 100 km of the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's economic, political, and cultural hub.

Vanga Kingdom and erstwhile neighbours in ancient South Asia

7th century buddhist monastery. Known as Somapura Mahavihara

The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal.

The Sixty Dome Mosque is the largest mosque in the UNESCO protected Mosque City of Bagerhat.

Choto Sona Mosque, built during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah

Shipbuilding was a major industry in the Bengal Sultanate and later in Mughal Bengal

The Bibi Mariam Cannon (Lady Mary Cannon) was used by the Mughals to defend their bases.

Lalbagh Fort was the residence of the Mughal viceroy Shaista Khan.

Portuguese envoys (top left) at the imperial court of emperor Akbar. The Portuguese settlement in Chittagong flourished until the Mughals expelled the Portuguese in 1666.

Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, which led to the overthrow of the last independent Nawab of Bengal

Founding conference of the All India Muslim League in Dhaka, 1906

The Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, with East Bengal its eastern part

Women students of Dhaka University marching in defiance of the Section 144 prohibition on assembly during the Bengali Language Movement in early 1953

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (left) and Munier Chowdhury (centre) visiting Matiul Islam (right), an East Bengali student at Harvard during the late 1950s

Sheikh Mujib casting his ballot during a general election. He was given the popular title of Bangabandhu (Friend of Bengal) and is regarded as Bangladesh's founding leader.

Ziaur Rahman with members of the Dutch royal family in 1978

Muhammad Yunus (center) celebrating the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 with his family in Oslo, Norway

Rohingya refugees entering Bangladesh from Myanmar

A Bengal tiger, the national animal, in the Sundarbans

Bangabhaban, the official residence of the President of Bangladesh, was built in 1905 during the British Raj for use by the Viceroy of India and the Governor of Bengal.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during bilateral talks with Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina at the Prime Minister's Office in Dhaka

Map of Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force deployments

First South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) meeting in 1985 in Dhaka (l-r, top row: the presidents of Pakistan and the Maldives, the king of Bhutan, the president of Bangladesh, the prime minister of India, the king of Nepal and the president of Sri Lanka)

U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry meeting Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina at her residence in Dhaka in April 2021

The Rapid Action Battalion has been sanctioned by the United States for human rights abuses

Historical development of GDP per capita

Construction of Padma Bridge, the longest bridge on the Ganges, by China Major Bridge Engineering Co. Ltd. The bridge was designed by AECOM.

Hotels and office blocks in an upmarket neighborhood of Dhaka

Paddy fields dominate the country's farmland. Bangladesh is a top global producer of rice (3rd), potatoes (7th), tropical fruits (6th), jute (2nd), and farmed fish (5th).

A Boeing 777 of the national flag carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines

Coal and natural-gas fields in Bangladesh, 2011

In 2018, the first payload of SpaceX's Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket was the Bangabandhu-1 satellite built by Thales Alenia Space

The Charyapada scrolls are the oldest surviving text of the Bengali language. The photograph was taken at the Rajshahi College Library

Chakma alphabets are indigenous to the Chittagong Hill Tracts

Eid prayers for Muslims at Barashalghar, Debidwar, Comilla

Bangladeshis celebrating Pahela Baishakh as a mark of the beginning of Bengali new year

Faculty of Sciences at the University of Dhaka; The Curzon Hall

A Bangladeshi nurse in Kutupalong Refugee Camp

Historical development of life expectancy in Bangladesh

A preserved cloth of historic Bengali fine muslin, which is now extinct

Muslim feminist Begum Rokeya and her husband in 1898

The 18th century terracotta Hindu Kantanagar Temple in Dinajpur

A Baul from Lalon Shah's shrine in Kushtia

Embroidery on Nakshi kantha (embroidered quilt), centuries-old Bengali art tradition

Traditional Bangladeshi Meal: Mustard seed Ilish Curry, Dhakai Biryani and Pitha

Bangladesh team on practice session at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium

Anwar Hossain playing Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, in the 1967 film Nawab Sirajuddaulah

Beds of zamindars kept at the Bangladesh National Museum

Bengal was the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent, and its proto-industrial economy showed signs of driving an Industrial revolution.

West Bengal

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West Bengal (, Bengali: Poshchim Bongo,, abbr.

Coin of the King Shashanka, who created the first separate political entity in Bengal, called the Gauda Kingdom

Firoz Minar at Gauḍa was built during the Bengal Sultanate.

Subhas Chandra Bose, he was a leading freedom fighter of India

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.

Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by a monsoon.

A hut in a village in the Hooghly district

The Grand Hotel in Kolkata. Tourism, especially from Bangladesh, is an important part of West Bengal's economy.

Freshly sown saplings of rice in a paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks.

Satyajit Ray, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with Ravi Sankar.

Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.

Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.

Salt Lake Stadium / Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is a hub for flights to and from Bangladesh, East Asia, Nepal, Bhutan and north-east India.

Kolkata Metro, India's first metro rail system

University of Calcutta, the oldest public university of India.

The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata.

Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU.

Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, and showed signs of the first Industrial revolution.

Aurangzeb

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The sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling from July 1658 until his death in 1707.

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers

Under his reign,India contributed 25% to World GDP, surpassing Qing China, making it the World largest economy and biggest manufacturing power, worth nearly a quarter of global GDP and more than the entirety of Western Europe, and its largest and wealthiest subdivision, the Bengal Subah, signaled proto-industrialization.

Cosimo de' Medici, who managed to build an international financial empire and was one of the first Medici bankers

Capitalism

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Economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

A painting of a French seaport from 1638 at the height of mercantilism

Robert Clive with the Nawabs of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey which began the British rule in India

The Watt steam engine, a steam engine fuelled primarily by coal propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

The gold standard formed the financial basis of the international economy from 1870 to 1914.

The New York stock exchange traders' floor (1963)

Many analysts assert that China is one of the main examples of state capitalism in the 21st century.

The economic model of supply and demand states that the price P of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price (supply S) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand D): the diagram shows a positive shift in demand from D1 to D2, resulting in an increase in price (P) and quantity sold (Q) of the product.

The subscription room at Lloyd's of London in the early 19th century

An industrial worker among heavy steel machine parts (Kinex Bearings, Bytča, Slovakia, c. 1995–2000)

The Industrial Workers of the World poster "Pyramid of Capitalist System" (1911)

After the period of the proto-industrialization, the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, after massive contributions from the Mughal Bengal, inaugurated an expansive era of commerce and trade.

Industrialisation

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Period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society.

Industrialization also means the mechanization of traditionally manual economic-sectors such as agriculture

Factories, refineries, mines, and agribusiness are all elements of industrialisation

2006 GDP composition of sector and labour force by occupation. The green, red, and blue components of the colours of the countries represent the percentages for the agriculture, industry, and services sectors respectively.

After the last stage of the Proto-industrialization, the first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America, starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France.

World Muslim population by percentage (Pew Research Center, 2014)

Muslim world

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Also known as the Ummah.

A Seljuq, shatranj (chess) set, glazed fritware, 12th century.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Muslim polymath from Al Andalus.

The Spinning wheel is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the Greater Middle East), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the Industrial Revolution. (scene from Al-Maqamat, painted by al-Wasiti 1237)

The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Al-Idrisi of Sicily in 1154, one of the most advanced ancient world maps. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design

Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).

Indonesia is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.

Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister of Pakistan became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.

Islamic schools of law across the Muslim world

Muslim Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph al-Qadir in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's Jami‘ al-Tawarikh

Battle between Ismail of the Safaviyya and the ruler of Shirvan, Farrukh Yassar

Shah of Safavid Empire Abbas I meet with Vali Muhammad Khan

Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the Quran, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan

Portrait of a painter during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II

A Persian miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma‘ali, a scholar

Ilkhanate Empire ruler, Ghazan, studying the Quran

Layla and Majnun studying together, from a Persian miniature painting

Hadiqatus-suada by Oghuz Turkic poet Fuzûlî

The story of Princess Parizade and the Magic Tree.<ref>The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517214353/https://books.google.com/books?id=ATkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA543&dq=princess+parizade#v=onepage&q=princess%20parizade&f=false |date=17 May 2020 }}. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.</ref>

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's ''Astrolabe. (13th century)

One of Mansur ibn Ilyas (Ak Koyunlu era) colored illustrations of human anatomy.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi's Kitab al-Tasrif

A self-trimming lamp from Banū Mūsā's work On Mechanical Devices on Automation.

An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.

The Elephant Clock was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of Omar Khayyam.

Lagâri Hasan Çelebi's rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving.

The city of Baghdad being besieged during the Mongolian invasions.

Mongol armies capture of the Alamut, Persian miniature.

$Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Mughal Emperor Akbar's Siege of Ranthambore Fort in 1568.<ref>{{cite web|last=Unknown|url=http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm|title=Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort|date=1590–95|website=the Akbarnama|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm|archive-date=19 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>$

The Mughal Army under the command of Islamist Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Gun-wielding Ottoman Janissaries in combat against the Knights of Saint John at the Siege of Rhodes in 1522.

Cannons and guns belonging to the Aceh Sultanate (in modern Indonesia).

Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II negotiates with the East India Company after being defeated during the Battle of Buxar.

East India Company's Robert Clive meeting the Nawabs of Bengal before the Battle of Plassey

Siege of Ochakov (1788), an armed conflict between the Ottomans and the Russian Tsardom.

French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Mamluks and Ottomans

The Java War between the Netherlands and Javanese aristocracy led by Prince Diponegoro, from 1825 to 1830

The French conquest of Algeria, from 1830 to 1903

The Hispano-Moroccan War between Spain and Morocco, from 1859 to 1860

The Italo-Turkish War between Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 1911 to 1912

The Christian reconquest of Buda, Ottoman Hungary, 1686, painted by Frans Geffels

Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899

The Melilla War between Spain and Rif Berbers of Morocco in 1909

Turkish Muslims at the Eyüp Sultan Mosque on Eid al-Adha

Shi'a Muslims in Iran commemorate Ashura

Friday prayer for Sunni Muslims in Dhaka, Bangladesh

A Sufi dervish drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in Omdurman, Sudan

Druze dignitaries celebrating the Nabi Shu'ayb festival at the tomb of Muhammad in Hittin

Ibadis living in the M'zab valley in Algerian Sahara

Most of the inhabitants of the Hunza Valley in Pakistan are Ismaili Muslims

Young school girls in Paktia Province of Afghanistan.

Schoolgirls in Gaza lining up for class, 2009.

Medical students of anatomy, before an exam in moulage, Iran

Taj Mahal in Agra city of India was constructed during the Mughal Empire

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Selangor, Malaysia

Great Mosque of Córdoba in Spain is a Moorish-style mosque.

"Tower of Introspection" (省心楼) at the Great Mosque of Xi'an, China

The design of Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan is inspired by Bedouin's tent.

The subdivision rule used to generate the Girih pattern on the spandrel.

Girih pattern that can be drawn with compass and straight edge.

Kufic script from an early Qur'an manuscript, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87)

Islamic calligraphy represented for amulet of sailors in the Ottoman Empire.

Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various planets.

A group of marabouts – West African religious leaders and teachers of the Quran.

Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta

Minangkabau people (Padang, Western Sumatra) reciting Al-Qur'an

Muslim girls walking for school in Bangladesh

The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution, particularly from the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal and Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, through the conquests of the East India Company.

Islamic economics

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Islamic economics (الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings.

Particularly in the Mughal India, its wealthiest region of Bengal, a major trading nation of the medieval world, signaled the period of proto-industrialization, making direct contribution to the world's first Industrial Revolution after the British conquests.

A report on Proto-industrialization

14 related topics with Alpha

Industrial Revolution

Bengal Subah

Mughal Empire

Bangladesh

West Bengal

Aurangzeb

Capitalism

Industrialisation

Muslim world

Islamic economics