A report on Psychotherapy

Freud, seated left of picture with Jung seated at the right of the picture. 1909
Group therapy, Ukraine

Use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.

- Psychotherapy
Freud, seated left of picture with Jung seated at the right of the picture. 1909

101 related topics with Alpha

Overall

The triangle in the middle represents CBT's tenet that all humans' core beliefs can be summed up in three categories: self, others, future.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

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Psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders.

Psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders.

The triangle in the middle represents CBT's tenet that all humans' core beliefs can be summed up in three categories: self, others, future.
John B. Watson

It is different from historical approaches to psychotherapy, such as the psychoanalytic approach where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind the behaviors, and then formulates a diagnosis.

Psychoanalysis

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Set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders.

Set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders.

In the 1950s, psychoanalysis was the main modality of psychotherapy.

Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind.

Psychology

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Scientific study of mind and behavior.

Scientific study of mind and behavior.

Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind.
One of the dogs used in Pavlov's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation, preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan, Russia
False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.
Skinner's teaching machine, a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction
Baddeley's model of working memory
The Müller–Lyer illusion. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.
Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi.
Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first (food, water etc.) before higher-order needs can be met.
Developmental psychologists would engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.
An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test used in educational psychology.
Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement
The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.
An EEG recording setup
Artificial neural network with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain.
A rat undergoing a Morris water navigation test used in behavioral neuroscience to study the role of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory.
Phineas P. Gage survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and is remembered for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior.

Many psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing psychotherapy in clinical, counseling, or school settings.

The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more economically unequal countries

Mental disorder

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Behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

Behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more economically unequal countries
"Haus Tornow am See" (former manor house), Germany from 1912 is today separated into a special education school and a hotel with integrated work/job- and rehabilitation-training for people with mental disorders
Deaths from mental and behavioral disorders per million persons in 2012
Eight patients representing mental diagnoses as of the 19th century at the Salpêtrière, Paris.
A patient in a strait-jacket and barrel contraption, 1908
Insulin shock procedure, 1950s
frameless
Giorgio Antonucci
Thomas Szasz

Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options.

The Two Continua Model of Mental Health and Mental Illness

Mental health

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Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

The Two Continua Model of Mental Health and Mental Illness
A woman sitting on steps with a broken shopping cart full of papers to her left. Around her there is trash and the floor looks dirty and unsanitary.
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A woman towards the right and a man towards the left. Both sitting cross legged with their eyes closed. Their hands resting on their knees with their palms facing up.

Expressive therapies or creative arts therapies are a form of psychotherapy that involves the arts or art-making.

Family therapy

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Branch of psychology and clinical social work that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development.

Branch of psychology and clinical social work that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development.

As a branch of psychotherapy, its roots can be traced somewhat later to the early 20th century with the emergence of the child guidance movement and marriage counseling.

Cards used as a therapeutic activity in ACT treatment.

Acceptance and commitment therapy

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Cards used as a therapeutic activity in ACT treatment.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT, typically pronounced as the word "act") is a form of psychotherapy, as well as a branch of clinical behavior analysis.

Group psychotherapy

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Group psychotherapy or group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group.

Alfred Adler

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Alfred Adler (7 February 1870 – 28 May 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology.

Many 18th c. treatments for psychological distress were based on pseudo-scientific ideas, such as Phrenology.

Clinical psychology

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Integration of social science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.

Integration of social science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.

Many 18th c. treatments for psychological distress were based on pseudo-scientific ideas, such as Phrenology.
Cover of The Psychological Clinic, the first journal of clinical psychology, published in 1907 by Lightner Witmer
The University of Pennsylvania was the first to offer formal education in clinical psychology.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride, branded by Lilly as Prozac, is an antidepressant drug prescribed by physicians, psychiatrists, and some nurses.

Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.