Qin dynasty and Related Topics

Qin Shi Huang

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A portrait painting of Qin Shi Huangdi, first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, from an 18th-century album of Chinese emperors' portraits.

Jing Ke's assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang; Jing Ke (left) is held by one of Qin Shi Huang's physicians (left, background). The dagger used in the assassination attempt is seen stuck in the pillar. Qin Shi Huang (right) is seen holding an imperial jade disc. One of his soldier (far right) rushes to save his emperor. Stone rubbing; 3rd century, Eastern Han

Qin's unification of seven warring states

Map of the Qin dynasty and its administrative divisions

Lifelike terracotta soldier statues from the Terracotta Army, discovered near modern Xi'an, which was meant to guard the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

A posthumous depiction of Qin Shi Huang, painted during the late Qing dynasty

Statue of Emperor Qin Shi Huang in Handan

Qin Shi Huang (, ; 259–210 BCE), or Shi Huangdi, was the founder of the Qin dynasty, and first emperor of a unified China.

Qin (state)

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Ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty.

Bronze mold for minting banliang coins, Warring States period (475–221 BC), State of Qin, from an excavation in Qishan County, Baoji, Shaanxi province

Belt plaque in the shape of a standing wolf, characteristic of [[:File:狼紋青銅帶飾-Belt Plaque in the Shape of a Standing Wolf MET DT5398.jpg|nomadic artifacts]] of southern Ningxia and southeastern Gansu, with characteristic Qin-style surface decorations. Made in China for probable nomadic consumption. 4th century BC.

Qin before the conquest of Sichuan, 5th century BC

Animated map of the Warring States period

Bronze tiger-shaped tally. The Tiger Tally was a kind of special token granted to the commander to confer military authority and legitimize orders.

State of Qin (bronzeware script, c. 800 BC)

State of Qin (small seal script, 220 BC)

The Qin dynasty it established was short-lived but greatly influenced later Chinese history.

Han dynasty

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Imperial dynasty of China , established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu.

Thirteen direct-controlled commanderies including the capital region (Yellow) and ten semi-autonomous kingdoms of the early periods, 195 BC

Belt Buckle with nomadic-inspired zoomorphic design, manufactured in China for the Xiongnu. Mercury-gilded bronze (a Chinese technique). North China, 3rd-2nd century BC.

Map showing the expansion of Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC

The ruins of a Han-dynasty watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern edge of the Silk Road.

These rammed earth ruins of a granary in Hecang Fortress, located ~11 km (7 miles) northeast of the Western-Han-era Yumen Pass, were built during the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) and significantly rebuilt during the Western Jin (280–316 AD).

Situation of warlords and peasant forces at the beginning of Eastern Han dynasty

Eastern Han inscriptions on a lead ingot, using barbarous Greek alphabet in the style of the Kushans, excavated in Shaanxi, 1st–2nd century AD

A late Eastern Han (25–220 CE) Chinese tomb mural showing lively scenes of a banquet (yanyin 宴飲), dance and music (wuyue 舞樂), acrobatics (baixi 百戲), and wrestling (xiangbu 相撲), from the Dahuting Tomb, on the southern bank of the Siuhe River in Zhengzhou, Henan province (just west of Xi County)

A mural from an Eastern Han tomb at Zhucun (朱村), Luoyang, Henan province; the two figures in the foreground are playing liubo, with the playing mat between them, and the liubo game board to the side of the mat.

Brick Relief with Acrobatic Performance, Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE)

Detail of a mural showing two women wearing Hanfu silk robes, from the Dahuting Tomb of the late Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 CE), located in Zhengzhou, Henan

Han period inscribed bamboo-slips of Sun Bin's Art of War, unearthed in Yinque Mountain, Linyi, Shandong.

A fragment of the Xiping Stone Classics; these stone-carved Five Classics installed during Emperor Ling's reign along the roadside of the Imperial University (right outside Luoyang) were made at the instigation of Cai Yong (132–192 CE), who feared the Classics housed in the imperial library were being interpolated by University Academicians.

A silk banner from Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan province. It was draped over the coffin of Lady Dai (d. 168 BCE), wife of the Marquess Li Cang (利蒼) (d. 186 BCE), chancellor for the Kingdom of Changsha.

A part of a Daoist manuscript, ink on silk, 2nd century BCE, Han Dynasty, unearthed from Mawangdui tomb 3rd, Changsha, Hunan Province.

An Eastern-Han bronze statuette of a mythical chimera (qilin), 1st century CE

A scene of historic paragons of filial piety conversing with one another, Chinese painted artwork on a lacquered basketwork box, excavated from an Eastern-Han tomb of what was the Chinese Lelang Commandery in Korean Peninsula.

A rubbing of a Han pictorial stone showing an ancestral worship hall (cítáng 祠堂)

Animalistic guardian spirits of day and night wearing Chinese robes, Han dynasty paintings on ceramic tile; Michael Loewe writes that the hybrid of man and beast in art and religious beliefs predated the Han and remained popular during the first half of Western Han and the Eastern Han.

The Gansu Flying Horse, depicted in full gallop, bronze sculpture, h 34.5 cm. Wuwei, Gansu, China, AD 25–220

A mural showing chariots and cavalry, from the Dahuting Tomb (Chinese: 打虎亭漢墓, Pinyin: Dahuting Han mu) of the late Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), located in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China

A Han-dynasty iron ji (polearm) and iron dagger

A gilded bronze oil lamp in the shape of a kneeling female servant, dated 2nd century BC, found in the tomb of Dou Wan, wife of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan; its sliding shutter allows for adjustments in the direction and brightness in light while it also traps smoke within the body.

An array of bronze bells, Western Han dynasty

Ornamental belt buckle, decorated with Chinese mythical creatures. Chiseled and hammered gold, late Han period.

The physical exercise chart; a painting on silk depicting the practice of Qigong Taiji; unearthed in 1973 in Hunan Province, China, from the 2nd-century BC Western Han burial site of Mawangdui, Tomb Number 3.

A pair of stone-carved que (闕) located at the temple of Mount Song in Dengfeng. (Eastern Han dynasty.)

A pair of Han period stone-carved que (闕) located at Babaoshan, Beijing.

A stone-carved pillar-gate, or que (闕), 6 m (20 ft) in total height, located at the tomb of Gao Yi in Ya'an. (Eastern Han dynasty.){{sfnp|Liu|2002|p=55}}

An Eastern-Han vaulted tomb chamber at Luoyang made of small bricks

A Han-dynasty pottery model of two men operating a winnowing machine with a crank handle and a tilt hammer used to pound grain.

A modern replica of Zhang Heng's seismometer

An early Western Han dynasty silk map found in tomb 3 of Mawangdui, depicting the Kingdom of Changsha and Kingdom of Nanyue in southern China (note: the south direction is oriented at the top).

An Eastern Han dynasty pottery boat model with a steering rudder at the stern and anchor at the bow.

The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu–Han contention (206–202 BC), and it was succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD).

Warring States period

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Era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation.

Map showing states at the beginning of Warring States period of Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history

Tomb Guardian of Chu Kingdom (300 BC) held at Birmingham Museum of Art

A carved-jade dragon garment ornament from the Warring States period

A jade-carved huang with two dragon heads, Warring States, Shanghai Museum

The Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, a set of bronze bianzhong percussion instruments from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Hubei province (433 BC).

A Warring States bronze ding vessel with gold and silver inlay

A lacquerware painting from the Jingmen Tomb of the State of Chu (704–223 BC), depicting men wearing precursors to Hanfu (i.e. traditional silk dress) and riding in a two-horsed chariot

An iron sword and two bronze swords dated to the Warring States period

A bronze statue of a seated man, from the State of Yue, Warring States period

Seven Warring States late in the period Qin has expanded southwest, Chu north and Zhao northwest

Unification of Qin from 230 BC to 211 BC

A drinking cup carved from crystal, unearthed at Banshan, Hangzhou, Warring States period, Hangzhou Museum.

A Chinese soldier's bronze helmet, from the State of Yan, dated to the Zhou Dynasty.

Model of a Warring States period traction trebuchet.

A horse-rider fighting a tiger, depicted on a gilded mirror discovered in Jincun, Luoyang.

Warring States swords and spearhead with patterns

A Chinese lacquerware drinking vessel (over wood), Warring States period, Honolulu Museum of Art

A nephrite pendant in the shape of a man wearing silk robes, 5th–3rd centuries BC, Warring States period, Arthur M. Sackler Museum

A painting on silk depicting a man riding a dragon from Zidanku Tomb no. 1 in Changsha, Hunan Province (5th–3rd century BC).

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, containing the world's earliest decimal multiplication table, dated 305 BC

Jue cup, ritual bronzes, the Warring States, Wine Vessel,

Leather horse armour from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, c. 433 BC

It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire, known as the Qin dynasty.

History of China

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The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c.

The Warring States. Qin is shown in pink

Three Kingdoms in 262, on the eve of the conquest of Shu, Wei, and Wu

Li Hongzhang, a Chinese politician, general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty.

The national flag of the Great Qing from 1862 to 1889. (Triangular version)

The national flag of the Great Qing from 1889 to 1912.

Nanjing Road during Xinhai Revolution, 1911

Beijing college students rallied during the May Fourth Movement, dissatisfied with Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles for China (Shandong Problem).

The flag of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1928.

The flag of the Republic of China from 1928 to now.

The People's Liberation Army enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign

Chairman Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

People's Republic of China 10th Anniversary Parade in Beijing

The flag of the People's Republic of China since 1949.

In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China.

Zhou dynasty

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Royal dynasty of China that followed the Shang dynasty.

Map showing major states of Eastern Zhou

Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon, painting on silk, dated to 5th–3rd century BC, from Zidanku Tomb no. 1 in Changsha, Hunan Province

A lacquerware painting from the Jingmen Tomb (Chinese: 荊門楚墓; Pinyin: Jīngmén chǔ mù) of the State of Chu (704–223 BC), depicting men wearing precursors to Hanfu (i.e. traditional silk dress) and riding in a two-horsed chariot

A Western Zhou bronze gui vessel, c. 1000 BC

Dong Son, Bronze Drum, the Warring States period

ritual bronzes age, the Warring States, Wine Vessel, Jue Cup

A Western Zhou ceremonial bronze of cooking-vessel form inscribed to record that the King of Zhou gave a fiefdom to Shi You, ordering that he inherit the title as well as the land and people living there

The Shi Qiang pan, inscribed with the accomplishments of the earliest Zhou kings, circa 10th century BC

Plaque in nomadic animal style, Later Zhou or Han dynasty, 4th-3rd century BC.

A bronze figure of a charioteer from the Warring States era of the Zhou Dynasty, dated 4th to 3rd century BC

An embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from an Eastern-Zhou-era tomb at Mashan, Hubei province, China, 4th century BC

An Eastern-Zhou bronze sword excavated from Changsa, Hunan Province

The Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, a set of bronze bianzhong percussion instruments from the tomb of the aforesaid marquis in Hubei province, China, dated 433 BC, Warring States period

Fittings in the form of tigers, Baoji, Shaanxi province, Middle Western Zhou dynasty, c. 900 BC, bronze

In the latter period, the Zhou court had little control over its constituent states that were at war with each other until the Qin state consolidated power and formed the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. The Zhou dynasty had formally collapsed only 35 years earlier, although the dynasty had only nominal power at that point.

Between Mozi's background as an engineer and his pacifist leanings, the Mohists became experts at building fortifications and sieges.

Legalism (Chinese philosophy)

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One of the six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy.

Small bronze plaque containing an edict from the second emperor of the Qin dynasty. 209 BC.

The earliest known written documentation for the Chinese abacus, the Suan Pan, dates to the 2nd century BC (its original design is unknown).

Zhaoming mirror frame, Western Han dynasty

The people of Qi have a saying – "A man may have wisdom and discernment, but that is not like embracing the favourable opportunity. A man may have instruments of husbandry, but that is not like waiting for the farming seasons." Mencius

"If one has regulations based on objective standards and criteria and apply these to the mass of ministers, then that ruler cannot be duped by cunning fraudulence." —Han Fei

A modern marble statue of the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang

Temporarily coming to overt power as an ideology with the ascension of the Qin Dynasty, the First Emperor of Qin and succeeding emperors often followed the template set by Han Fei.

Xiang Yu

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The Hegemon-King (Chinese: 霸王, Bà Wáng) of Western Chu during the Chu–Han Contention period (206–202 BC) of China.

Uprisings of Qin Dynasty. Xiang Yu's campaign is shown in blue.

Traditional Beijing opera mask for Xiang Yu

A noble of the Chu state, Xiang Yu rebelled against the Qin dynasty and became a prominent warlord.

Emperor Gaozu of Han

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The founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning in 202–195 BC. His temple name was "Taizu" while his posthumous name was Emperor Gao, or Gaodi; "Gaozu of Han", derived from the Records of the Grand Historian, is the common way of referring to this sovereign even though he was not accorded the temple name "Gaozu", which literally means "High Founder".

Uprisings of Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang's campaign is shown in purple.

Liu Bang, in an illustration by Qing dynasty artist Shangguan Zhou 上官周 (1665–1749)

Western Han Dynasty mural depicting the Hongmen Banquet, discovered in Northwest 61th Tomb now in the Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum. event.

A Western Han female dancer in silk robes, 2nd century BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art; Xiang Zhuang intended to assassinate Liu Bang by pretending to do a sword dance

A portrait painting of Emperor Gao of Han (Liu Bang), from an 18th-century Qing Dynasty album of Chinese emperors' portraits.

Cavalry soldiers, painted ceramic statues, Western Han period, Hainan Provincial Museum

Changling (長陵), the tomb of Emperor Gaozu in Xianyang, Shaanxi.

Prior to coming to power, Liu Bang initially served for the Qin dynasty as a minor law enforcement officer in his home town Pei County, within the conquered state of Chu.

Gansu

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Landlocked province in Northwest China.

The ruins of a Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern edge of the Silk Road

Xindian culture era jar with two lug handles uncovered in Gansu, dating to around 1,000 BC

The ruins of a gate at Yumen Pass, built during the Jin dynasty (266–420)

Gates of the provincial government complex in Lanzhou

A painting of the Buddhist Manjushri, from the Yulin Caves of Gansu, Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty (1038–1227 AD)

A terracotta warrior from Gansu, with traces of polychrome and gold, from the Tang dynasty (618–907)

Wetland by the Yellow River, Maqu County

Temple of the Chenghuangshen (Idol) of Lanzhou.

Nanhua Amituo Fo Temple of Chinese Buddhism seen on a hill above the roofs of the Yu Baba Gongbei, a Sufi shrine.

Labrang Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism in Gannan.

The State of Qin, known in China as the founding state of the Chinese empire, grew out from the southeastern part of Gansu, specifically the Tianshui area.

A report on Qin dynasty

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