A report on RTS,S

A poster advertising trials of the RTS,S vaccine
RTS,S recombinant protein viruslike particle

Recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine.

- RTS,S
A poster advertising trials of the RTS,S vaccine

8 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Screened cup of malaria-infected mosquitoes which will infect a volunteer in a clinical trial

Malaria vaccine

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Vaccine that is used to prevent malaria.

Vaccine that is used to prevent malaria.

Screened cup of malaria-infected mosquitoes which will infect a volunteer in a clinical trial
RTS,S recombinant protein viruslike particle

The only approved vaccine, as of 2021, is RTS,S, known by the brand name Mosquirix.

Malaria parasite connecting to a red blood cell

Malaria

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Mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.

Mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.

Malaria parasite connecting to a red blood cell
Main symptoms of malaria
The life cycle of malaria parasites. Sporozoites are introduced by a mosquito bite. They migrate to the liver, where they multiply into thousands of merozoites. The merozoites infect red blood cells and replicate, infecting more and more red blood cells. Some parasites form gametocytes, which are taken up by a mosquito, continuing the life cycle.
Micrograph of a placenta from a stillbirth due to maternal malaria. H&E stain. Red blood cells are anuclear; blue/black staining in bright red structures (red blood cells) indicate foreign nuclei from the parasites.
Electron micrograph of a Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell (center), illustrating adhesion protein "knobs"
The blood film is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis.
Ring-forms and gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in human blood
An Anopheles stephensi mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (the droplet of blood is expelled as a surplus). This mosquito is a vector of malaria, and mosquito control is an effective way of reducing its incidence.
Man spraying kerosene oil in standing water, Panama Canal Zone, 1912
Walls where indoor residual spraying of DDT has been applied. The mosquitoes remain on the wall until they fall down dead on the floor.
A mosquito net in use.
An advertisement for quinine as a malaria treatment from 1927.
Deaths due to malaria per million persons in 2012
Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009
Ancient malaria oocysts preserved in Dominican amber
British doctor Ronald Ross received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on malaria.
Chinese medical researcher Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her work on the antimalarial drug artemisinin.
Artemisia annua, source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin
U.S. Marines with malaria in a field hospital on Guadalcanal, October 1942
Members of the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations collecting larvae on the Danube delta, 1929
1962 Pakistani postage stamp promoting malaria eradication program
Malaria clinic in Tanzania
Child with malaria in Ethiopia
World War II poster
Disability-adjusted life year for malaria per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 no data <10 0–100 100–500 500–1000 1000–1500 1500–2000 2000–2500 2500–2750 2750–3000 3000–3250 3250–3500 ≥3500

As of 2020, there is one vaccine for malaria (known as RTS,S) which is licensed for use.

GSK plc

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British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London, England.

British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London, England.

The Glaxo factory built in 1918, in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand, with the Glaxo Laboratories sign still visible
Feeder bottle with valve and teat, Glaxo Laboratories, Greenford, Middlesex
Burroughs Wellcome Logo
Logo Used prior to merger with SmithKline Beecham
Beecham's Clock Tower, constructed 1877, part of the Beecham's factory, St Helens
Logo SmithKline & French, prior to Merger with Beecham Group
SmithKline & French and Beecham Group Merged
Andrew Witty, GSK's CEO from May 2008, to April 2017
GSK's former logo, used until 9 June 2022.
Some Aquafresh products
Rosiglitazone
Paroxetine, known as Paxil and Seroxat

The company developed the first malaria vaccine, RTS,S, which it said in 2014 it would make available for five percent above cost.

Headquarters in Geneva

World Health Organization

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Specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

Specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

Headquarters in Geneva
Headquarters in Geneva
Alexey Yablokov (left) and Vassili Nesterenko (farthest right) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland in 2008.
Demonstration on Chernobyl disaster day near WHO in Geneva
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980
Countries by World Health Organization membership status
Stairwell, 1969
Internal courtyard, 1969
Reflecting pool, 1969
Exterior, 1969
From Southwest, 2013
Entrance hall, 2013
Main conference room, 2013
Map of the WHO's regional offices and their respective operating regions. Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines Eastern Mediterranean; HQ: Cairo, Egypt South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., US

As of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether RTS,S/AS01, were a viable malaria vaccine.

PATH (global health organization)

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International, nonprofit global health organization based in Seattle, with 1,600 employees in more than 70 countries around the world.

International, nonprofit global health organization based in Seattle, with 1,600 employees in more than 70 countries around the world.

PATH headquarters in Seattle

The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative supports several malaria vaccine candidates at various stages of development around the world, including the most advanced candidate, called RTS,S.

Plasmodium falciparum

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Unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans.

Unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans.

Laveran's drawing of various stages of P. falciparum as seen on fresh blood (1880).
Blood smear from a P. falciparum culture (K1 strain - asexual forms) - several red blood cells have ring stages inside them. Close to the center is a schizont and on the left a trophozoite.
Ring forms in red blood cells (Giemsa stain)
Life cycle of Plasmodium

RTS,S is the only candidate as malaria vaccine to have gone through clinical trials.

Circumsporozoite protein

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Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a secreted protein of the sporozoite stage of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium sp.) and is the antigenic target of RTS,S, a pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine currently undergoing clinical trials.

This diagram shows how surrogate viruses expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be used to measure the activity of neutralizing antibodies that target the spike protein and prevent the virus from entering host cells.

Virus-like particle

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) are molecules that closely resemble viruses, but are non-infectious because they contain no viral genetic material.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are molecules that closely resemble viruses, but are non-infectious because they contain no viral genetic material.

This diagram shows how surrogate viruses expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be used to measure the activity of neutralizing antibodies that target the spike protein and prevent the virus from entering host cells.

The first VLP vaccine that addresses malaria, Mosquirix, (RTS,S) has been approved by EU regulators.