A report on Raloxifene

A bottle of raloxifene.

Medication used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and those on glucocorticoids.

- Raloxifene
A bottle of raloxifene.

22 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Elderly woman with osteoporosis showing a curved back from compression fractures of her back bones.

Osteoporosis

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Systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk.

Systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk.

Elderly woman with osteoporosis showing a curved back from compression fractures of her back bones.
Illustration depicting normal standing posture and osteoporosis
Progression of the shape of vertebral column with age in osteoporosis
Bone density peaks at about 30 years of age. Women lose bone mass more rapidly than men.
The body regulates calcium homeostasis with two pathways; one is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels drop below normal and one is the pathway that is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels are elevated.
Osteoporosis locations
Multiple osteoporotic wedge fractures demonstrated on a lateral thoraco-lumbar spine X-ray
Age-standardised hip fracture rates in 2012.
Light micrograph of an osteoclast displaying typical distinguishing characteristics: a large cell with multiple nuclei and a "foamy" cytosol.
Light micrograph of osteoblasts, several displaying a prominent Golgi apparatus, actively synthesizing osteoid containing two osteocytes.
Collapse of vertebra on the right, normal on the left

Raloxifene, while effective in decreasing vertebral fractures, does not affect the risk of nonvertebral fracture.

Estrogen receptor beta

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One of two main types of estrogen receptor—a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.

One of two main types of estrogen receptor—a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene)

GPER

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Protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.

Protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.

Raloxifene

Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene

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The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) is a clinical trial from the early 2000s designed determine how the drug raloxifene compares with the drug tamoxifen in reducing the incidence of breast cancer in women who are at increased risk of the disease.

Cramps are common in athletes when they do not warm up.

Cramp

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Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction or overshortening; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle.

Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction or overshortening; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle.

Cramps are common in athletes when they do not warm up.
Skeletal muscle, with myofibrils labeled at upper right and sarcoplasmic reticulum at bottom

Raloxifene (Evista) is a medication associated with a high incidence of leg cramps.

Estradiol (medication)

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Medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

Medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

Average number of moderate-to-severe hot flashes per week with placebo and different doses of oral estradiol in menopausal women

Other estrogens, as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like raloxifene, have been found to be effective in the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia in women similarly.

A scanner used to measure bone density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Bone density

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Amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.

Amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.

A scanner used to measure bone density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Illustration of Bone Densitometry Scan

Other therapies, such as estrogens (e.g., estradiol, conjugated estrogens), selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., raloxifene, bazedoxifene), and bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronic acid, risedronic acid), can also be used to improve or maintain bone density.

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Benzothiophene

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Aromatic organic compound with a molecular formula C8H6S and an odor similar to naphthalene .

Aromatic organic compound with a molecular formula C8H6S and an odor similar to naphthalene .

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It is found within the chemical structures of pharmaceutical drugs such as raloxifene, zileuton, and sertaconazole, and also BTCP.

Adult male with significant gynecomastia

Gynecomastia

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Abnormal non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in males due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogen and androgen.

Abnormal non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in males due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogen and androgen.

Adult male with significant gynecomastia
Gynecomastia of boys going through puberty.
An exceptional case of extreme gynecomastia in a 63-year-old man, treated with the nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide for prostate cancer. (a) With flutamide; (b) after discontinuation of flutamide. More than 90% of cases of gynecomastia with nonsteroidal antiandrogens including flutamide are mild to moderate.
Pathology: A large glandular mass of male breast tissue, surgically removed
Microscopic image showing gynecomastoid hyperplasia, the cellular changes seen in gynecomastia H&E stain
Male with asymmetrical gynecomastia, before and after excision of the gland and liposuction of the waist

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and clomifene may be beneficial in the treatment of gynecomastia but are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in gynecomastia.

Pipendoxifene

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Nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that was under development by Ligand Pharmaceuticals and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (now Wyeth) for the treatment of breast cancer but was not marketed.

Nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that was under development by Ligand Pharmaceuticals and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (now Wyeth) for the treatment of breast cancer but was not marketed.

Unlike the SERM raloxifene, pipendoxifene is devoid of uterotrophic activity in immature/ovariectomized rodents.