A report on Red blood cell

Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells (ca. 6–8 μm in diameter)

There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells, as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size. Mammalian red blood cells, which do not contain nuclei, are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates.

Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human red blood cell, thrombocyte (platelet), leukocyte.

Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right.

Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system. This animation occurs at a faster rate (~20 seconds of the average 60-second cycle) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries, as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system.

The most common red blood cell membrane lipids, schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer. Relative abundances are not at scale.

Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS-PAGE and silverstained

Affected by Sickle-cell disease, red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs.

Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells

Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure

Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

- Red blood cell

97 related topics with Alpha

Hemoglobin

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Max Perutz won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work determining the molecular structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin

A schematic visual model of oxygen-binding process, showing all four monomers and hemes, and protein chains only as diagrammatic coils, to facilitate visualization into the molecule. Oxygen is not shown in this model, but, for each of the iron atoms, it binds to the iron (red sphere) in the flat heme. For example, in the upper-left of the four hemes shown, oxygen binds at the left of the iron atom shown in the upper-left of diagram. This causes the iron atom to move backward into the heme that holds it (the iron moves upward as it binds oxygen, in this illustration), tugging the histidine residue (modeled as a red pentagon on the right of the iron) closer, as it does. This, in turn, pulls on the protein chain holding the histidine.

The sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin's oxygen-dissociation curve results from cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Gene expression of hemoglobin before and after birth. Also identifies the types of cells and organs in which the gene expression (data on Wood W.G., (1976). Br. Med. Bull. 32, 282.)

A hemoglobin concentration measurement being administered before a blood donation at the American Red Cross Boston Blood Donation Center.

The giant tube worm Riftia pachyptila showing red hemoglobin-containing plumes

Heart of Steel (Hemoglobin) (2005) by Julian Voss-Andreae. The images show the 5-foot (1.50 m) tall sculpture right after installation, after 10 days, and after several months of exposure to the elements.

Hemoglobin (haemoglobin BrE) (from the Greek word αἷμα, haîma 'blood' + Latin globus 'ball, sphere' + -in), abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates (the exception being the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

Anemia

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The hand of a person with severe anemia (on the left, with ring) compared to one without (on the right)

Figure shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin.

Peripheral blood smear microscopy of a patient with iron-deficiency anemia

A Giemsa-stained blood film from a person with iron-deficiency anemia. This person also had hemoglobin Kenya.

Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin.

Plastic bag with 0.5–0.7 liters containing packed red blood cells in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (CPDA) solution

Blood transfusion

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Process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously.

The patient receives a blood transfusion through the cannula

Canned blood during the blood transfusion process

Illustration depicting intravenous blood transfusion

A bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant human blood group systems.

Richard Lower pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the Royal Society.

James Blundell successfully transfused human blood in 1818.

William Stewart Halsted, M.D. (1852–1922) performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States.

Dr. Luis Agote (2nd from right) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914

World War II Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion

Alexander Bogdanov established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.

British poster of 1944 encouraging people to donate blood for the war effort

Wounded soldier being given blood plasma in Sicily, 1943

Charles R. Drew oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.

As the person receives their blood transfusion, the bag slowly gets emptier, leaving behind blood that has clotted before it could be administered.

Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors and platelets.

Spleen

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Organ found in all vertebrates.

A 3D medical animation still of spleen structure & exact location

Micrograph of splenic tissue showing the red pulp (red), white pulp (blue) and a thickened inflamed capusule (mostly pink – top of image). H&E stain.

The spleen contains two different tissues, white pulp (A) and red pulp (B). The white pulp functions in producing and growing immune and blood cells. The red pulp functions in filtering blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells.

Thalassemia enlarged spleen taken after splenectomy

Laparoscopic view of a horse's spleen (the purple and grey mottled organ)

Spleen seen on abdominal ultrasonography

Maximum length of spleen on abdominal ultrasonography

Back of lumbar region, showing surface markings for kidneys, ureters, and spleen

Side of thorax, showing surface markings for bones, lungs (purple), pleura (blue), and spleen (green)

Transverse section of the spleen, showing the trabecular tissue and the splenic vein and its tributaries

The spleen plays very important roles in regard to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the immune system.

Hematocrit

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A man uses a hand centrifuge to analyse two test tubes with blood, Guinea-Bissau, 1973.

The haematocrit (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood, measured as part of a blood test.

HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the blue fluorescent Hoechst dye. The central and rightmost cell are in interphase, thus their entire nuclei are labeled. On the left, a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.

Cell nucleus

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In cell biology, the nucleus (pl.

Diagram of the nucleus showing the ribosome-studded outer nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, DNA (complexed as chromatin), and the nucleolus.

A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope (1). Other diagram labels show (2) the outer ring, (3) spokes, (4) basket, and (5) filaments.

A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue. The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 (red) and chromosome 9 (green) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization.

An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus, showing the darkly stained nucleolus

A generic transcription factory during transcription, highlighting the possibility of transcribing more than one gene at a time. The diagram includes 8 RNA polymerases however the number can vary depending on cell type. The image also includes transcription factors and a porous, protein core.

Macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins, are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran-GTP nuclear transport cycle.

An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase. The mitotic spindle can be seen, stained green, attached to the two sets of chromosomes, stained light blue. All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate.

Human red blood cells, like those of other mammals, lack nuclei. This occurs as a normal part of the cells' development.

Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1719

Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882. The nucleus contains polytene chromosomes.

Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many.

Circulatory system

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System of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.

Blood flow in the pulmonary and systemic circulations showing capillary networks in the torso sections

Diagram of the human heart viewed from the front

The pulmonary circulation as it passes from the heart. Showing both the pulmonary and bronchial arteries.

Diagram of capillary network joining the arterial system with the venous system.

Depiction of the heart, major veins and arteries constructed from body scans

Magnetic resonance angiography of aberrant subclavian artery

The open circulatory system of the grasshopper – made up of a heart, vessels and hemolymph. The hemolymph is pumped through the heart, into the aorta, dispersed into the head and throughout the hemocoel, then back through the ostia in the heart and the process repeated.

Flatworms, such as this Pseudoceros bifurcus, lack specialized circulatory organs.

Human anatomical chart of blood vessels, with heart, lungs, liver and kidneys included. Other organs are numbered and arranged around it. Before cutting out the figures on this page, Vesalius suggests that readers glue the page onto parchment and gives instructions on how to assemble the pieces and paste the multilayered figure onto a base "muscle man" illustration. "Epitome", fol.14a. HMD Collection, WZ 240 V575dhZ 1543.

Image of veins from William Harvey's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, 1628

Diagram of the human heart showing blood oxygenation to the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and waste materials away.

Blood cell

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Cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood.

Red and white human blood cells as seen under a microscope using a blue slide stain

The darker red blood syringes have deoxygenated blood, whereas the brighter red have oxygenated blood.

Artificially colored electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: erythrocyte, thrombocyte, leukocyte.

Major types of blood cells include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood. In addition to the irregularly shaped leukocytes, both red blood cells and many small disc-shaped platelets are visible.

White blood cell

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White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

3D rendering of various types of white blood cells

All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets.

Hemolytic anemia

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Hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular).