A report on Saudi Arabia

Anthropomorphic stela (4th millennium BC), sandstone, 57x27 cm, from El-Maakir-Qaryat al-Kaafa (National Museum of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh)
The "Worshipping Servant" statue (2500 BC), above 1 m in height, is much taller than any possible Mesopotamian or Harappan models. Photo courtesy of the National Museum of Korea.
Qaṣr Al-Farīd, the largest of the 131 rock-cut monumental tombs built from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD, with their elaborately ornamented façades, at the extensive ancient Nabatean archaeological site of Hegra located in the area of Al-'Ula within Al Madinah Region in the Hejaz. A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008.
Colossal statue from Al-'Ula in the Hejaz (6th–4th century BC), it followed the standardized artistic sculpting of the Lihyanite kingdom, the original statue was painted with white
At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) covered 11100000 km2 and 62 million people (29 per cent of the world's population), making it one of the largest empires in history in both area and proportion of the world's population. It was also larger than any previous empire in history.
The Battle of Badr, 13 March 624 CE
Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, the founding father and first king of Saudi Arabia
Political map of Saudi Arabia
Map of Saudi Arabian administrative regions and roadways
Map of oil and gas pipelines in the Middle-East
King Fahd with US President Ronald Reagan and future US President Donald Trump in 1985. The US and Saudi Arabia supplied money and arms to the anti-Soviet mujahideen fighters in Afghanistan.
As many as 500 princes, government ministers, and business people, including Prince Fahd bin Abdullah, were arrested by Saudi Arabian authorities as part of the 2017 Saudi Arabian purge
Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh with Bogdan Borusewicz in the Polish Senate, 26 May 2014
Verses from the Quran. The Quran is the official constitution of the country and a primary source of law. Saudi Arabia is unique in enshrining a religious text as a political document.
U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump with King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and the President of Egypt, Abdel Fattah Al Sisi, 21 May 2017
U.S. President Barack Obama meets King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, July 2014
Faisal Mosque in Islamabad is named after a Saudi king. The kingdom is a strong ally of Pakistan. WikiLeaks claimed that Saudis are "long accustomed to having a significant role in Pakistan's affairs".
Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir with then British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson (now Prime Minister) in London, 16 October 2016
Major Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict locations
Flag of Al-Qaeda, a transnational terrorist group formed by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi Arabian national of Yemeni and Syrian extraction who was stripped of his Saudi passport in 1994.
"The Saudi pilots training in Italy 1935"—a scene from 'Our Eagles', one of four video wall shows made for the Royal Saudi Air Force Museum
Saudi soldiers from the First Airborne Brigade.
Deera Square, central Riyadh. It is a former site of public be-headings.
Saudi Arabia topography
Harrat Khaybar seen from the International Space Station. Saudi Arabia is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes. Lava fields in Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of harrat (the singular is harrah), form one of Earth's largest alkali basalt regions, covering some 180000 km2, an area greater than the state of Missouri.
A proportional representation of Saudi Arabia exports, 2019
Office of Saudi Aramco, the world's most valuable company and the main source of revenue for the state
The hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the holiest city for Muslims.
King Abdullah Financial Center is one of the largest investment centres in the Middle East, located in Riyadh
Al-Hasa is known for its palm trees and dates. Al-Hasa has over 30 million palm trees which produce over 100 thousand tons of dates every year.
Saudi Arabia population density (people per km2)
Laboratory buildings at KAUST
The Al-Yamamah Private University in Riyadh
UIS literacy rate Saudi Arabia population, 15 plus, 1990–2015
Historical development of life expectancy in Saudi Arabia
Supplicating pilgrim at Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque) in Mecca. The Kaaba is the cubic building in front of the pilgrim.
Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the Islamic holy city of Mecca
Sarah Attar is a track and field athlete who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics as one of the first two female Olympians representing Saudi Arabia.
The Masjid al-Haram is the holiest Islamic site, located in Mecca
The Mosque of the Prophet in Medina containing the tomb of Muhammad
King Abdullah practising falconry, a traditional pursuit in the country
Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine
Uruguay – Saudi Arabia match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
The 3000-year-old ancient historical city of Dumat al-Jandal in Al Jawf Province
The old city of Jeddah
Jabal Sawda ({{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) located in the 'Asir subrange of the Sarat Mountains
Abha City, located {{convert|2270|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level in the 'Asir Region
Beach promenade in Al-Wajh
Dhi 'ain village located in Al Bahah Province
The desert of Al-Rub' Al-Khali (The Empty Quarter)
Saad Khader from left and right Mohammad Al-Ali in 1979

Country on the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia.

- Saudi Arabia

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The Al-Askari Mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, after the first attack by Islamic State of Iraq in 2006

Islamic State

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Militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam.<ref name=Wahhabism>

Militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam.<ref name=Wahhabism>

The Al-Askari Mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, after the first attack by Islamic State of Iraq in 2006
Mugshot of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi by US armed forces while in detention at Camp Bucca in 2004
Maximum extent of IS's territorial control in Syria and Iraq, on 21 May 2015.
IS territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015 )
The UN headquarters building in Baghdad after the Canal Hotel bombing, on 22 August 2003
Military situation in Libya in early 2016: Location dot grey.svg Ansar al-Sharia Location dot black.svg ISIL
ISIL's capital Raqqa suffered extensive damage during the battle of Raqqa in June–October 2017
Pro-YPG demonstration against ISIL in Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014
People lay flowers outside the French embassy in Moscow in memory of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks.
Supporters of the Turkish Labour Party protesting in London following the 2015 Ankara bombings
Airstrikes in Syria by 24 September 2014
Liberation of Palmyra by the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition in March 2016
Russian Sukhoi Su-34 in Syria
Military situation in Syria in March 2020
Military Situation in Iraq in May 2020

According to The Economist, Saudi practices followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction or re-purposing of any non-Sunni religious buildings.

Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions

Al-Qaeda

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Multinational militant Sunni Islamic extremist network composed of Salafist jihadists.

Multinational militant Sunni Islamic extremist network composed of Salafist jihadists.

Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions
Al-Qaeda militant in Sahel armed with a Type 56 assault rifle, 2012
Osama bin Laden (left) and Ayman al-Zawahiri (right) photographed in 2001
Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan, 1997
Sayyid Qutb, the Egyptian Islamist who inspired al-Qaeda
CIA-funded and ISI-trained Afghan mujahideen fighters crossing the Durand Line border to fight Soviet forces and the Soviet-backed Afghan government in 1985
Omar Abdel-Rahman
Current military situation in Somalia:
Current military situation in Yemen:
Anwar al-Awlaki
View of Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, where he was killed on May 1, 2011
Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of {{#invoke:Iraq Syria map date|syriadate}}.
The scene of the October 2012 Aleppo bombings, for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility
1998 Nairobi embassy bombing
Aftermath of the September 11 attacks
US troops in Afghanistan
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his arrest in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in March 2003
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (formerly GSPC) area of operations
Front page of The Guardian Weekly on the eighth anniversary of the September 11 attacks. The article claimed that al-Qaeda's activity is "increasingly dispersed to 'affiliates' or 'franchises' in Yemen and North Africa."
USS Cole after the October 2000 attack

In February 2016, al-Qaeda forces and Saudi Arabian-led coalition forces were both seen fighting Houthi rebels in the same battle.

Jabal Qara is located 16 km east of Hofuf City

Al-Ahsa Oasis

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Jabal Qara is located 16 km east of Hofuf City
Jawatha Mosque in Al-Ahsa
The oasis of palm trees
Qasr Ibrahim, built in 1556.

Al-Aḥsāʾ (الْأَحْسَاء, al-ʾAhsā), also known as al-Ḥasāʾ (الْحَسَاء) or Hajar (هَجَر), is a traditional oasis historical region in eastern Saudi Arabia whose name is used by the Al-Ahsa Governorate, which makes up much of that country's Eastern Province.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

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Intergovernmental organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states.

Intergovernmental organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Head-office Building, Jeddah
Session of the Islamic Summit Conference in Istanbul, Turkey, April 2016
The Islamic University of Technology was set up by the OIC in Bangladesh

In May 2016, 57 countries including Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates from the Organization of Islamic Cooperation requested the removal of LGBT associations from 2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS, sparking protests by the United States, Canada, the European Union and LGBT communities.

Official portrait, 1945

Faisal of Saudi Arabia

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Saudi Arabian statesman and diplomat who was King of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 until his assassination in 1975.

Saudi Arabian statesman and diplomat who was King of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 until his assassination in 1975.

Official portrait, 1945
At the age of thirteen, during his visit to the United Kingdom
Leading the Asir campaign, 1922
Meeting with President Kennedy, October 1962
With his father Abdulaziz (seated) and his half-brother Saud (right), 1950s
Arab leaders meet in Cairo, September 1970. From left to right: Chairmen Muammar Gaddafi of Libya and Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Presidents Jaafar al-Nimeiri of Sudan and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and Sheikh Sabah III al-Salim al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait
With Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad in the early 1970s
Visiting Palestine in 1966. During this time, he prayed in Al-Aqsa Mosque.
Meeting US President Richard Nixon and his wife Pat Nixon, 27 May 1971
With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (left) and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, 1970
Saluting Saudi military personnel, 1974
An American reading a newspaper about the 1973 oil crisis
Crown Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz making dua'a at a mosque, 1957
King Faisal met with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Riyadh on 19 March 1975, six days before his assassination. In the far background behind Faisal is his half-brother, the future King Fahd.
Logo of the King Faisal Foundation
Royal Flag of King Faisal (1964–1973)
Royal Flag of King Faisal (1973–1975)
After taking office in 1970, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat formed a strong diplomatic relationship with Faisal.
Queen Iffat visiting a school, 1960s
Prince Faisal bin Musaid

He was the third son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, and the second of Abdulaziz's six sons who were kings.

Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

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Easternmost of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia.

Easternmost of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia.

The Rub' al-Khali or Empty Quarter, comprises more than a third of the Eastern Province
The Rashidun Caliphate expanded the Muslim world into three continents within 20 years of the death of Muhammad
King Ibn Saud is largely accepted to be the founder of present-day Saudi Arabia, also known as the Third Saudi State
Dammam Well No. 7, the first well to produce commercial quantities of oil in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian Saga'i dates
Inside King Fahd International Airport
A Saudi Aramco aircraft at Shaybah Airport in Shaybah
The 25 km (15 mi) King Fahd Causeway connects Bahrain to Saudi Arabia

A number of scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and Tarout Island on the coast.

Western Asia

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Westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions.

Westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions.

A Lebanese Cedar Forest in winter
Köppen climate classification map of West Asia
Pilgrims in the annual Hajj at the Kaabah in Mecca.
Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo.
Jews Praying at the Western Wall.
Druze dignitaries celebrating the Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb festival at the tomb of the prophet in Hittin
Yazidi pilgrims celebrating the Yazidi new year festival at the ancient holy temple of Lalish, Iraq

The most populous countries in Western Asia are Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Jamal Khashoggi in March 2018

Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

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Assassinated by agents of the Saudi government at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.

Assassinated by agents of the Saudi government at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.

Jamal Khashoggi in March 2018
4 June 2009 − after his speech A New Beginning at Cairo University, U.S. President Obama participates in a roundtable interview with, among others, Jamal Khashoggi, Bambang Harymurti, and Nahum Barnea.
Saudi Arabian activist Ghanem al-Dosari at a protest outside the Natural History Museum, London, 11 October 2018, after the disappearance of Jamal Kashoggi. The Saudi embassy was holding a Saudi National Day celebration at the museum.
The Saudi consulate in Istanbul, 16 October 2018, after Khashoggi's disappearance.
Police cordon, in front of the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, after Khashoggi's disappearance.
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meets with King Salman on 16 October 2018.
Ahmad Asiri (right) and Mohammed bin Salman (left) in 2016
Protest in front of the Consulate General of Saudi Arabia in Istanbul following the murder of Jamal Khashoggi.

Khashoggi fled the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in June 2017 and went into self-imposed exile in the US.

Bin Laden circa 1997–1998

September 11 attacks

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The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by the militant Islamic extremist network al-Qaeda against the United States.

The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by the militant Islamic extremist network al-Qaeda against the United States.

Bin Laden circa 1997–1998
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003
Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center (Planes are not drawn to scale)
Diagram showing the attacks on the World Trade Center
Flight paths of the four planes
Collapse of the towers as seen from across the Hudson River in New Jersey
The north face of Two World Trade Center (South Tower) immediately after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175
World Trade Center site (Ground Zero) with an overlay showing the original building locations
Remains of 6, 7, and 1WTC on September 17
Aerial view of the Pentagon
Satellite view of New York City on September 12, photographed by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) camera aboard Landsat 7.
A portion of the World Trade Center bathtub at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Search and rescue teams inspect the wreckage at Ground Zero on September 13
President George W. Bush is briefed in Sarasota, Florida, where he learned of the attacks unfolding while he was visiting an elementary school.
Vladimir Putin (right) and his then-wife Lyudmila Putina (center) on November 16
U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan
Survivors covered in dust after the collapse of the towers
U.S. deficit and debt increases 2001–2008
Alleged "extraordinary rendition" illegal flights of the CIA, as reported by Rzeczpospolita.
Mohamed Atta, an Egyptian national, was the ringleader of the attacks.
The exterior support columns from the lower level of the South Tower remained standing after the building collapsed.
Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013
The United States flag flying at half-staff in New York City on September 11, 2014, the thirteenth anniversary of the attacks.
The Tribute in Light on September 11, 2006, the fifth anniversary of the attacks
Fritz Koenig’s monumental sculpture The Sphere in its final location in Liberty Park

In 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia.

The Sinai Peninsula with the Gulf of Aqaba to the east and the Gulf of Suez to the west

Gulf of Aqaba

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Large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula.

Large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula.

The Sinai Peninsula with the Gulf of Aqaba to the east and the Gulf of Suez to the west
The Sinai Peninsula separating the Gulf of Suez to the west and the Gulf of Aqaba, to the east.
View of the Gulf of Aqaba near Nuweiba, Egypt.
The city of Aqaba is the largest on the gulf
"Isle of Graia Gulf of Akabah Arabia Petraea", 1839 lithograph of a trade caravan in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia, by Louis Haghe from an original by David Roberts.
Coral World Underwater Observatory at Eilat
Taba beach
Red Sea coral and marine fish
A resort near Eilat's Coral Beach

Its coastline is divided among four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.