A report on Zuo Zongtang and Self-Strengthening Movement

Photograph of Zuo Zongtang, late 19th century

Former Residence of Zuo Zongtang in Xiangyin County, Hunan.

The map showing Zuo's campaign against Dungan rebels and Yaqub Beg in Xinjiang

Portrait of Zuo Zongtang, by Piassetsky, 1875

Tomb of Zuo Zongtang in Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan.

Front gate of the Zongli Yamen, the de facto foreign affairs ministry.

Nanjing Jinling Arsenal (金陵造局), built by Li Hongzhang in 1865.

The Fuzhou Arsenal in Mawei District, Fuzhou, Fujian.

Chinese warship Yangwu, built at the Fuzhou Arsenal in 1872.

Builder of the Fuzhou Arsenal, Prosper Giquel

Chinese Qing officers with a Montigny mitrailleuse.

Premier Li Hongzhang with former President Ulysses S. Grant, 1879

Chinese fortifications, Sino-Vietnamese border

Gun transportation at Shanghai Jiangnan Arsenal (上海江南製造兵工廠).

In 1866, as part of the Qing government's Self-Strengthening Movement, Zuo oversaw the construction of the Fuzhou Arsenal and naval academy.

- Zuo Zongtang

This program was spearheaded by regional leaders like Zeng Guofan who, with the efforts of the western-educated Yung Wing, established the Shanghai arsenal, Li Hongzhang who built the Nanjing and Tianjin Arsenals, and Zuo Zongtang who constructed the Fuzhou Dockyard.

- Self-Strengthening Movement

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Qing dynasty

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Manchu-led conquest dynasty and the last imperial dynasty of China.

The Qing dynasty in 1890. Territory under its control shown in dark green; territory claimed but uncontrolled shown in light green.

Italian 1682 map showing the "Kingdom of the Nüzhen" or the "Jin Tartars"

Manchu cavalry charging Ming infantry battle of Sarhu in 1619

Sura han ni chiha (Coins of Tiancong Khan) in Manchu alphabet

The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire

Emperor with Manchu army in Khalkha 1688

Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Chengde, Qianlong reign; built on the model of Potala Palace, Lhasa

Campaign against the Dzungars in the Qing conquest of Xinjiang 1755–1758

Lord Macartney saluting the Qianlong Emperor

Commerce on the water, Prosperous Suzhou by Xu Yang, 1759

British Steamship destroying Chinese war junks (E. Duncan) (1843)

View of the Canton River, showing the Thirteen Factories in the background, 1850–1855

Government forces defeating Taiping armies

Empress Dowager Cixi (Oil painting by Hubert Vos c. 1905))

Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan dividing China

Foreign armies in the Forbidden City 1900

A pitched battle between the imperial and revolutionary armies in 1911

A postage stamp from Yantai (Chefoo) in the Qing dynasty

The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller

2000–cash Da-Qing Baochao banknote from 1859

The Eighteen Provinces of China proper in 1875

The Qing dynasty in ca. 1820, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange

Brush container symbol of elegant gentry culture

Chen Clan Ancestral Hall (陈家祠) built in 1894

Placard (right to left) in Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian Yonghe Lamasery, Beijing

Silver coin: 1 yuan/dollar Xuantong 3rd year - 1911 Chopmark

Xián Fēng Tōng Bǎo (咸豐通寶) 1850–1861 Qing dynasty copper (brass) cash coin

Puankhequa (1714–1788). Chinese merchant and member of a Cohong family.

Pine, Plum and Cranes, 1759, by Shen Quan (1682–1760).

A Daoguang period Peking glass vase. Colored in "Imperial Yellow", due to its association with the Qing.

Jade book of the Qianlong period on display at the British Museum

The Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s brought vigorous reforms and the introduction of foreign military technology in the Self-Strengthening Movement.

Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus.

An 1884 painting of the Battle of Anqing (1861)

Taiping Rebellion

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Massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

A drawing of Hong Xiuquan, dating from about 1860.

The Royal seal of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

A historic monument to the Taiping Rebellion in Mengshan town, in Wuzhou, Guangxi, which was an early seat of Government of the Taiping

A battle of the Panthay Rebellion, from the set Victory over the Muslims, set of twelve paintings in ink and color on silk

A miniature of the Palace of Heavenly Kingdom in Nanjing

The 14-year civil war combined with other internal and external wars weakened the dynasty but provided incentive for an initially successful period of reform and self-strengthening.

Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest.

Foochow Arsenal

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The Foochow Arsenal, also known as the Fuzhou or Mawei Arsenal, was one of several shipyards created by the Qing Empire and a flagship project of French assistance to China during the Self-Strengthening Movement.

The shipyard was constructed under orders from Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang and was situated in Mamoi (now Mawei), a port town within the jurisdiction of Fuzhou (then romanized as "Foochow"), which is several miles up the Min River.