A report on Seneca the Younger and Seneca the Elder

Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
Modern statue of Seneca in Córdoba
Nero and Seneca, by Eduardo Barrón (1904). Museo del Prado
Manuel Domínguez Sánchez, The suicide of Seneca (1871), Museo del Prado
Lodovico Lana, Death of Seneca, National Gallery of Art
First page of the Naturales Quaestiones, made for the Catalan-Aragonese court
Woodcut illustration of the suicide of Seneca and the attempted suicide of his wife Pompeia Paulina
Naturales quaestiones, 1522
Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle in a medieval manuscript illustration (c. 1325–35)
The "Pseudo-Seneca", a Roman bust found at Herculaneum, one of a series of similar sculptures known since the Renaissance, once identified as Seneca. Now commonly identified as Hesiod
"Seneca", ancient hero of the modern Córdoba; this architectural roundel in Seville is based on the "Pseudo-Seneca" (illustration above)
Baroque marble imaginary portrait bust of Seneca, by an anonymous sculptor of the 17th century. Museo del Prado

His father was Seneca the Elder, his elder brother was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, and his nephew was the poet Lucan.

- Seneca the Younger

He was the father of Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, best known as a Proconsul of Achaia; his second son was the dramatist and Stoic philosopher Seneca the Younger (Lucius), who was tutor of Nero, and his third son, Marcus Annaeus Mela, became the father of the poet Lucan.

- Seneca the Elder
Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca

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Córdoba, Spain

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City in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

City in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

Reconstruction of the Roman temple of Córdoba.
Mihrab of the Mosque.
Dirham emitted by Abd al-Rahman III, coined in Medina Azahara (10th century).
People in front of an inn in Córdoba (1910).
View of Córdoba from the Sierra foothills.
Green fields in Córdoba after December rains.
Roman Mausoleum in the Paseo de la Victoria.
Interior of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba.
The Tower of Calahorra to one side of the Roman Bridge.
Calleja de las Flores, with the Great Cathedral in the background.
Puerta del Puente.
Iglesia de Santa Marina de Aguas Santas, built in the 13th century.
Main façade of the Iglesia de San Hipólito.
The Magdalena by Julio Romero de Torres.
Interior patio during the Courtyards Festival of Córdoba - World Heritage
Segunda División match between Córdoba C.F. and C.D. Leganés at Estadio Nuevo Arcángel, January 2016.
Panoramics of Córdoba as drawn by Anton van den Wyngaerde in 1567
Hospital de San Sebastián
(Christian) Capilla de San Bartolomé (ca. 1410<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.artencordoba.com/en/other-monuments/mudejar-chapel-san-bartolome-cordoba.html|title=Mudejar Chapel of San Bartolomé|author=artencordoba.com}}</ref>)
Córdoba Synagogue
Gardens of the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos.
Mosque–Cathedral.
Street scene in Santa Maria, Córdoba.
Roman bridge of Córdoba
Riverfront viewed from Puente Romano, Córdoba.
Roman temple of Córdoba
Church of San Nicolás de la Villa

The Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger, his father, the orator Seneca the Elder, and his nephew, the poet Lucan came from Roman Córdoba.

Modern bust of Lucan in Córdoba. There are no ancient likenesses.

Lucan

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Roman poet, born in Corduba (modern-day Córdoba), in Hispania Baetica.

Roman poet, born in Corduba (modern-day Córdoba), in Hispania Baetica.

Modern bust of Lucan in Córdoba. There are no ancient likenesses.
Engraved title page of a French edition of Lucan's Pharsalia, 1657
Pharsalia, 1740

Lucan was the son of Marcus Annaeus Mela and grandson of Seneca the Elder; he grew up under the tutelage of his uncle Seneca the Younger.

Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus

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Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus or Gallio (Γαλλιων, Galliōn; c. 5 BC – c. AD 65) was a Roman senator and brother of the famous writer Seneca.

Gallio (originally named Lucius Annaeus Novatus), the son of the rhetorician Seneca the Elder and the elder brother of Seneca the Younger, was born in Corduba (Cordova) c. 5 BC. He was adopted by Lucius Junius Gallio, a rhetorician of some repute, from whom he took the name of Junius Gallio.

Caligula

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The third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 to 41.

The third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 to 41.

Marble portrait of Caligula from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Germanicus, the father of Caligula
Portrait of Agrippina the Elder, Caligula's mother
Caligula Depositing the Ashes of his Mother and Brother in the Tomb of his Ancestors, by Eustache Le Sueur, 1647
A denarius of Gaius Caligula. Caption: C. CAESAR AVG. GERM. P. M. TR. POT.
The Vatican Obelisk was first brought from Egypt to Rome by Caligula. It was the centerpiece of a large racetrack he built.
The hull of one of two ships recovered from Lake Nemi during the 1930s. This massive vessel served as an elaborate floating palace for the Emperor.
Map of the Roman Empire and neighboring states during the reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41 AD).
Ruins of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Forum Romanum. Ancient resources as well as recent archaeological evidence suggest that, at one point, Caligula had the palace extended to annex this structure.
Caligula and Roma Cameo depicting Caligula and Roma, a personification of Rome
Roman sestertius depicting Caligula, c. AD 38. The reverse shows Caligula's three sisters, Agrippina, Drusilla and Julia Livilla, with whom Caligula was rumoured to have carried on incestuous relationships. Caption: C. CAESAR AVG. GERMANICVS PON. M. TR. POT. / AGRIPPINA DRVSILLA IVLIA S. C.
Bust of Caligula from Palazzo Massimo in Rome
Fanciful Renaissance depiction of Caligula
Marble bust of Caligula with traces of original paint beside a plaster replica trying to recreate the polychrome traditions of ancient sculpture.
Quadrans celebrating the abolition of a tax in AD 38 by Caligula.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Woods|first1=David|title=Caligula's Quadrans|journal=The Numismatic Chronicle|issn=0078-2696|year=2010|volume=170|pages=99–103|jstor=42678887}}</ref> The obverse of the coin contains a picture of a Pileus which symbolizes the liberation of the people from the tax burden. Caption: C. CAESAR DIVI AVG. PRON[EPOS] (great-grandson of) AVG. / PON. M., TR. P. III, P. P., COS. DES. RCC. (probably Res Civium Conservatae, i.e. the interests of citizens have been preserved)
Roman gold coins excavated in Pudukottai, India, examples of Indo-Roman trade during the period. One coin of Caligula (AD 37–41), and two coins of Nero (AD 54–68). British Museum. Caption: C. CAESAR AVG. PON. M., TR. POT. III, COS. III. - NERO CAESAR. AVG. IMP. - NERO CAESAR AVG. IMP.
Bust of Caligula from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
The Assassination of the Emperor Caligula, by Lazzaro Baldi

Seneca the Elder and Philo, who both wrote during Tiberius' reign, as well as Josephus, record Tiberius as dying a natural death.

A brief famine of unknown extent occurred, perhaps caused by this financial crisis, but Suetonius claims it resulted from Caligula's seizure of public carriages; according to Seneca, grain imports were disrupted because Caligula re-purposed grain boats for a pontoon bridge.