A report on Seneca the Younger

Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
Modern statue of Seneca in Córdoba
Nero and Seneca, by Eduardo Barrón (1904). Museo del Prado
Manuel Domínguez Sánchez, The suicide of Seneca (1871), Museo del Prado
Lodovico Lana, Death of Seneca, National Gallery of Art
First page of the Naturales Quaestiones, made for the Catalan-Aragonese court
Woodcut illustration of the suicide of Seneca and the attempted suicide of his wife Pompeia Paulina
Naturales quaestiones, 1522
Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle in a medieval manuscript illustration (c. 1325–35)
The "Pseudo-Seneca", a Roman bust found at Herculaneum, one of a series of similar sculptures known since the Renaissance, once identified as Seneca. Now commonly identified as Hesiod
"Seneca", ancient hero of the modern Córdoba; this architectural roundel in Seville is based on the "Pseudo-Seneca" (illustration above)
Baroque marble imaginary portrait bust of Seneca, by an anonymous sculptor of the 17th century. Museo del Prado

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and, in one work, satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature.

- Seneca the Younger
Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca

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From the 1594 edition, published by Jean Le Preux

De Tranquillitate Animi

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From the 1594 edition, published by Jean Le Preux

De Tranquillitate Animi (On the tranquility of the mind / on peace of mind) is a Latin work by the Stoic philosopher Seneca (4 BC–65 AD).

From the 1643 edition, published by Francesco Baba

De Constantia Sapientis

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From the 1643 edition, published by Francesco Baba

De Constantia Sapientis is a moral essay written by Seneca the Younger, a Roman Stoic philosopher, sometime around 55 AD. The work celebrates the imperturbility of the ideal Stoic sage, who with an inner firmness, is strengthened by injury and adversity.

Sotion (Pythagorean)

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Greek Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in the age of Tiberius.

Greek Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in the age of Tiberius.

Sotion was the teacher of Seneca the Younger, who "sat as a lad, in the school of the philosopher Sotion."

Bust of Euripides.

Euripides

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Tragedian of classical Athens.

Tragedian of classical Athens.

Bust of Euripides.
A statue of Euripides, Louvre, Paris
Statue of Euripides in a niche on the facade of the Semperoper, Germany
Ancient Roman wall painting from House of the Vettii in Pompeii, showing the death of Pentheus, as portrayed in Euripides's Bacchae
Medea About to Murder Her Children by Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix (1862)
Fragment of a vellum codex from the fourth or fifth centuries AD, showing choral anapaests from Medea, lines 1087–91; tiny though it is, the fragment influences modern editions of the play

Less than a hundred years later, Aristotle developed an almost "biological' theory of the development of tragedy in Athens: the art form grew under the influence of Aeschylus, matured in the hands of Sophocles, then began its precipitous decline with Euripides. However, "his plays continued to be applauded even after those of Aeschylus and Sophocles had come to seem remote and irrelevant"; they became school classics in the Hellenistic period (as mentioned in the introduction) and, due to Seneca's adaptation of his work for Roman audiences, "it was Euripides, not Aeschylus or Sophocles, whose tragic muse presided over the rebirth of tragedy in Renaissance Europe."

Sculpture portrait of Claudia Octavia

Octavia (play)

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Roman tragedy that focuses on three days in the year 62 AD during which Nero divorced and exiled his wife Claudia Octavia and married another .

Roman tragedy that focuses on three days in the year 62 AD during which Nero divorced and exiled his wife Claudia Octavia and married another .

Sculpture portrait of Claudia Octavia

The play also deals with the irascibility of Nero and his inability to take heed of the philosopher Seneca's advice to rein in his passions.

From the 1643 edition, published by Francesco Baba

De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca)

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From the 1643 edition, published by Francesco Baba

De Brevitate Vitae (On the Shortness of Life) is a moral essay written by Seneca the Younger, a Roman Stoic philosopher, sometime around the year 49 AD, to his father-in-law Paulinus.

From the 1643 edition, published by Francesco Baba

De Ira

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From the 1643 edition, published by Francesco Baba

De Ira (On Anger) is a Latin work by Seneca (4 BC–65 AD).

Roman Epicurean philosopher, Lucretius

Ancient Roman philosophy

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Heavily influenced by the ancient Greeks and the schools of Hellenistic philosophy; however, unique developments in philosophical schools of thought occurred during the Roman period as well.

Heavily influenced by the ancient Greeks and the schools of Hellenistic philosophy; however, unique developments in philosophical schools of thought occurred during the Roman period as well.

Roman Epicurean philosopher, Lucretius
Roman emperor and Neoplatonic philosopher, Julian
Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, Marcus Aurelius

Important early Latin-language writers include Lucretius, Cicero, and Seneca the Younger.

Quintilian's statue in Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain

Quintilian

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Roman educator and rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing.

Roman educator and rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing.

Quintilian's statue in Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain
Frontispiece of a 1720 edition of the Institutio Oratoria, showing Quintilan teaching rhetoric

Afer has been characterized as a more austere, classical, Ciceronian speaker than those common at the time of Seneca the Younger, and he may have inspired Quintilian's love of Cicero.

Hercules and Lycus, (Antonio Canova, 1795)

Hercules (Seneca)

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Hercules and Lycus, (Antonio Canova, 1795)

Hercules or Hercules furens (The Mad Hercules) is a fabula crepidata (Roman tragedy with Greek subject) of c. 1344 lines of verse written by Lucius Annaeus Seneca.