A report on Seneca the Younger

Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
Modern statue of Seneca in Córdoba
Nero and Seneca, by Eduardo Barrón (1904). Museo del Prado
Manuel Domínguez Sánchez, The suicide of Seneca (1871), Museo del Prado
Lodovico Lana, Death of Seneca, National Gallery of Art
First page of the Naturales Quaestiones, made for the Catalan-Aragonese court
Woodcut illustration of the suicide of Seneca and the attempted suicide of his wife Pompeia Paulina
Naturales quaestiones, 1522
Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle in a medieval manuscript illustration (c. 1325–35)
The "Pseudo-Seneca", a Roman bust found at Herculaneum, one of a series of similar sculptures known since the Renaissance, once identified as Seneca. Now commonly identified as Hesiod
"Seneca", ancient hero of the modern Córdoba; this architectural roundel in Seville is based on the "Pseudo-Seneca" (illustration above)
Baroque marble imaginary portrait bust of Seneca, by an anonymous sculptor of the 17th century. Museo del Prado

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and, in one work, satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature.

- Seneca the Younger
Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca

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Canto I from the Inferno, the first part of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

Inferno (Dante)

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First part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy.

First part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy.

Canto I from the Inferno, the first part of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
Gustave Doré's engravings illustrated the Divine Comedy (1861–1868). Here, Dante is lost at the start of Canto I of the Inferno.
Gustave Doré's illustration of Canto III: Arrival of Charon
The Harrowing of Hell, in a 14th-century illuminated manuscript, the Petites Heures de Jean de Berry
Gustave Doré's depiction of Minos judging sinners at the start of Canto V
Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
The third circle, illustrated by Stradanus
Cerberus as illustrated by Gustave Doré
In Gustave Doré's illustrations for the fourth circle, the weights are huge money bags
The fifth circle, illustrated by Stradanus
The Barque of Dante by Eugène Delacroix
Lower Hell, inside the walls of Dis, in an illustration by Stradanus; there is a drop from the sixth circle to the three rings of the seventh circle, then again to the ten rings of the eighth circle, and, at the bottom, to the icy ninth circle
"Along the brink of the vermilion boiling, / Wherein the boiled were uttering loud laments. / People I saw within up to the eyebrows ..."
Harpies in the wood of the suicides, from Inferno Canto XIII, by Gustave Doré, 1861
Brunetto Latini speaks with Dante in Canto XV, an engraving by Gustave Doré
A Gustave Doré wood engraving of Geryon, Canto XVII
Illustration by Sandro Botticelli: Dante and Virgil visit the first two bolge of the Eighth Circle
Punishment of sorcerers and diviners in the Fourth Bolgia, Canto XX, illustrated by Stradanus
Dante's guide rebuffs Malacoda and his fiends between Bolge V and VI, Canto XXI
The Thieves tortured by Serpents: engraving by Gustave Doré illustrating Canto XXIV of the Inferno
Dante and Virgil observe the false counsellors, Canto XXVI
Dante et Virgile by William-Adolphe Bouguereau: Capocchio, an alchemist who was burned as a heretic, is attacked by Gianni Schicchi, who impersonated the dead Buoso Donati to claim his inheritance, Canto XXX
Titans and Giants, including Ephialtes on the left, in Doré's illustrations
Dante speaks to the traitors in the ice, Canto XXXII
Ugolino and His Sons by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (Metropolitan Museum of Art) depicts Ugolino della Gherardesca's story from Canto XXXIII. Imprisoned for treachery, Ugolino starves to death with his children, who, before dying, beg him to eat their bodies
Satan in the Inferno is trapped in the frozen central zone in the Ninth Circle of Hell, Canto XXXIV (Gustave Doré)

He sees the scientist Dioscorides, the mythical Greek poets Orpheus and Linus, and Roman statesmen Marcus Tullius Cicero and Seneca.

From the 1594 edition, published by Jean Le Preux

De Providentia

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From the 1594 edition, published by Jean Le Preux

De Providentia (On Providence) is a short essay in the form of a dialogue in six brief sections, written by the Latin philosopher Seneca (died AD 65) in the last years of his life.

Mentana

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Town and comune, former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy.

Town and comune, former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy.

Inner square of the castle in Mentana.

Seneca the Younger affirmed in multiple occasions having property and retreating to Nomentum .

Art depicting Saint Paul in a 9th-century manuscript from the Abbey of Saint Gall.

Correspondence of Paul and Seneca

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Art depicting Saint Paul in a 9th-century manuscript from the Abbey of Saint Gall.
A 14th-century English depiction of three classical philosophers held in high esteem in the medieval era: Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle. Seneca's reputation was partially linked to his apocryphal friendship with Paul.

The Correspondence of (or between) Paul and Seneca, also known as the Letters of Paul and Seneca or Epistle to Seneca the Younger, is a collection of letters claiming to be between Paul the Apostle and Seneca the Younger.

Bust of Posidonius from the Naples National Archaeological Museum

Posidonius

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Posidonius ( Poseidṓnios, "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (c.

Posidonius ( Poseidṓnios, "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (c.

Bust of Posidonius from the Naples National Archaeological Museum
World map according to ideas by Posidonius (150–130 BC), drawn in 1628 by cartographers Petrus Bertius and Melchior Tavernier. Many of the details could not have been known to Posidonius; rather, Bertius and Tavernier show Posidonius's ideas about the positions of the continents.
Posidonius's method for calculating the circumference of the Earth, relied on the altitude of the star Canopus
Posidonius, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle

Writers such as Strabo and Seneca provide most of the information about his life and works.

Antigone accompanies her father Oedipus (Aleksander Kokular, 1820s)

Phoenissae (Seneca)

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Antigone accompanies her father Oedipus (Aleksander Kokular, 1820s)

Phoenissae (Phoenician women) is a fabula crepidata (Roman tragedy with Greek subject) written by Lucius Annaeus Seneca; with only c. 664 lines of verse it is his shortest play.

Eclecticism in architecture at the intersection of Rákóczi Avenue and the Grand Boulevard in Budapest

Eclecticism

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Conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

Conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

Eclecticism in architecture at the intersection of Rákóczi Avenue and the Grand Boulevard in Budapest
Detail of an eclectic house in Bucharest, a combination of Neoclassical architecture and Romanian Revival
New York Palace, Budapest, Hungary
Madrid City Council (former Post Head Office) Madrid, Spain

Other eclectics included Varro and Seneca the Younger.

John Calvin

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French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

Calvin was originally interested in the priesthood, but he changed course to study law in Orléans and Bourges. Painting titled Portrait of Young John Calvin from the collection of the Library of Geneva.
William Farel was the reformer who persuaded Calvin to stay in Geneva. 16th-century painting. In the Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire, Geneva.
Calvin preached at St. Pierre Cathedral, the main church in Geneva.
Idelette and Calvin had no children survive infancy.
Sixteenth-century portrait of John Calvin by an unknown artist. From the collection of the Bibliothèque de Genève (Library of Geneva)
Michael Servetus exchanged many letters with Calvin until he was denounced by Calvin and executed.
John Calvin at 53 years old in an engraving by René Boyvin
The Collège Calvin is now a college preparatory school for the Swiss Maturité.
Traditional grave of Calvin in the Cimetière de Plainpalais in Geneva; the exact location of his grave is unknown.
Title page from the final edition of Calvin's magnum opus, Institutio Christiane Religionis, which summarises his theology.
Joachim Westphal disagreed with Calvin's theology on the eucharist.
Calvin wrote many letters to religious and political leaders throughout Europe, including this one sent to Edward VI of England.
Portrait of Calvin by Titian
The last moments of Calvin (Barcelona: Montaner y Simón, 1880–1883)
John Calvin memorial medal by László Szlávics, Jr., 2008

By 1532, Calvin received his licentiate in law and published his first book, a commentary on Seneca's De Clementia.

Vondel in 1665

Joost van den Vondel

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Dutch author of Christian poetry and verse dramas.

Dutch author of Christian poetry and verse dramas.

Vondel in 1665
Joost van den Vondel: Palamedes oft vermoorde onnooselheit
Portrait of Joost van den Vondel by Cornelis de Visscher, 1657

In 1620, Vondel, who by this time had taught himself Latin, completed the play Hierusalem verworst ("Jerusalem Destroyed"), which was heavily influenced by Seneca the Younger's Troades.

The Chandos portrait (held by the National Portrait Gallery, London)

William Shakespeare

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English playwright, poet and actor.

English playwright, poet and actor.

The Chandos portrait (held by the National Portrait Gallery, London)
John Shakespeare's house, believed to be Shakespeare's birthplace, in Stratford-upon-Avon
Shakespeare's coat of arms, as it appears on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a pun on the family name.
Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon
Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, where Shakespeare was baptised and is buried
Shakespeare's grave, next to those of Anne Shakespeare, his wife, and Thomas Nash, the husband of his granddaughter
Procession of Characters from Shakespeare's Plays by an unknown 19th-century artist
Oberon, Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing. By William Blake, c. undefined 1786. Tate Britain.
Hamlet, Horatio, Marcellus, and the Ghost of Hamlet's Father. Henry Fuseli, 1780–1785. Kunsthaus Zürich.
The reconstructed Globe Theatre on the south bank of the River Thames in London
Title page of the First Folio, 1623. Copper engraving of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout.
Title page from 1609 edition of Shake-Speares Sonnets
Pity by William Blake, 1795, Tate Britain, is an illustration of two similes in Macbeth: "And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd Upon the sightless couriers of the air."
Macbeth Consulting the Vision of the Armed Head. By Henry Fuseli, 1793–1794. Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington.
A garlanded statue of William Shakespeare in Lincoln Park, Chicago, typical of many created in the 19th and early 20th centuries
The Plays of William Shakespeare. By Sir John Gilbert, 1849.

The early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.