A report on Serbia in the Middle Ages

Remains of Ras, medieval capital of Serbia (12th-13th century)
Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Dečani, built in the 14th century
Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Gračanica
Byzantine provinces on the territory of modern Serbia during the 6th century
Principality of Serbia and other Slavic principalities in ca. 814 AD.
Seal of prince Strojimir of Serbia, from the late 9th century
Byzantine Emperor Basil I receiving delegations of Serbs and Croats
Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Stari Ras, finished in the 9th century
Serbian Principality in the 10th century
Icon representing prince Jovan Vladimir, the first canonized Serb
Serbs massacre the Byzantines in the mountain passes, Madrid Skylitzes.
Serbian king Mihailo Vojislavljević. Fresco in the Church of Saint Michael in Ston
Seal of Constantine Bodin (11th century)
State of Constantine Bodin (c. undefined 1090)
Fresco of the grand župan Vukan, who established the Vukanović dynasty
Serbia on the map of Europe in 1135, during the reign of Uroš I
The medieval fresco of Saint Simeon (Stefan Nemanja) in Studenica Monastery
Map of Southeastern Europe in 1265, including the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia
The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex, by Paja Jovanović (1900)
Map of the Serbian Empire in 1355
States that emerged after the dissolution of Serbian Empire in the second half of the 14th century
Serbian Despotate in 1421–1427
Serbian Despotate in 1455-1459
Smederevo Fortress today. With its fall in 1459, the medieval Serbian state was extinguished.
Possible representation of Serbian nobleman Paskač and his family, monastery Psača near Kriva Palanka, North Macedonia. Dated middle of the 14th century.
Representation of the Radič, the Grand Čelnik in the Vraćevšnica monastery. Radič, the nobleman and a dignitary, lived in the 15th century.
Dušan's Code, the "constitution" of the 14th century Serbia
Medieval Serbian weapons The National Museum in Požarevac
The tradition of badnjak predates the Christianization, but the custom survived being incorporated into the modern celebration of Christmas
Temnić inscription (11th century)
The futhark found in Breza, Bosnia
Miroslav Gospel, one of the oldest surviving documents written in Serbian recension of Church Slavonic, created by order of Prince Miroslav of Hum
Neumes - medieval musical notes by Serbian composer Kir Stefan the Serb, museum of Smederevo
Hemp fiber, once extensively used for the cloths by the commoners, today is rarely used as a fabric.
Serbian medieval noblewoman, National museum in Požarevac
Part of the fresco "Mourning of Anna Dandolo", which depicts noblemen in their attire
Modern rendering of the ancient cooking "under the sač"
Malvasia grapes, one of the most popular varieties in Medieval Serbia
Illustration from a 16th-century illustrated manuscript copy of the Mining Code, issued by despot Stefan Lazarević (d. 1427)
Princess Jelena Lazarević (1365-1443)
Slavic migrations to the Balkans.
Approximate location of South Slavic tribes, per V. V. Sedov 1995.

Serbia in the Middle Ages refers to the medieval period in the history of Serbia.

- Serbia in the Middle Ages
Remains of Ras, medieval capital of Serbia (12th-13th century)

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Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)

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Serbia by 1265, during the rule of Stefan Uroš I of Serbia
Corronation of Tsar Dušan
Serbia by 1265, during the rule of Stefan Uroš I of Serbia
Serbian Empire, 1355

The Kingdom of Serbia (Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija), or the Serbian Kingdom (Српско краљевство / Srpsko kraljevstvo), was a medieval Serbian state that existed from 1217 to 1346 and was ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty.

Detail of fresco in the Lesnovo monastery, 1350.

Stefan Dušan

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The Mighty , was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Tsar (or Emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks (or Romans) from 16 April 1346 until his death in 1355.

The Mighty , was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Tsar (or Emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks (or Romans) from 16 April 1346 until his death in 1355.

Detail of fresco in the Lesnovo monastery, 1350.
Detail of fresco in the Lesnovo monastery, 1350.
Fresco of Stefan Dečanski and Stefan Dušan, Visoki Dečani monastery, 14th century (UNESCO)
"Wedding of Emperor Dušan", by Paja Jovanović
The coronation of the Tsar Stefen Dušan in Skopje (1926), part of The Slav Epic series by Alphonse Mucha
Skopje Fortress, where Dušan adopted the title of Emperor at his coronation
Serbian Empire and neighbors at death of Tsar Dušan, 1355
The attributed Coat of arms of Stefan Dušan presented in the Korjenić-Neorić Armorial.
Sarcophagus of Stefan Dušan, kept at St. Mark's church, Belgrade
Mosaic, Church of Saint Sava, Belgrade
Dušan's Code, the second oldest preserved constitution of Serbia
Statue of Emperor Dušan in Belgrade
Fresco of Dušan, his wife Helena, and their son Uroš

He enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as Dušan's Code, perhaps the most important literary work of medieval Serbia.

Fresco detail of Saint Sava in Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć monastery, Serbia

Saint Sava

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Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat.

Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat.

Fresco detail of Saint Sava in Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć monastery, Serbia
Sava blessing Serb youth, Uroš Predić (1921).
Crowning of Stefan, by Anastas Jovanović.
Fresco in Mileševa.
Sava reconciling his quarreling brothers, Paja Jovanović (1901)
Fresco detail of Saint Sava in Studenica Monastery, Serbia
Mar Saba, where Sava founded Serbian cells
Trojeručica, a serbian orthodox icon
Sava died ill on his way home from the Holy Land, on 12 January 1235, in Tarnovo, Bulgarian Empire.
Fresco from Saint Sava in Monastery Bogorodica Ljeviška
The burning of Saint Sava's relics by the Ottomans after the Banat Uprising, on April 27, 1595. Painting by Stevan Aleksić (1912)
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1262 transcript of the Zakonopravilo (1220).
Fresco in Gracanica Monastery.
Studenica
Mileševa
Hilandar

Sava was canonized, and his relics were considered miraculous; his cult remained throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman rule.

Serbia

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Landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkans.

Landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkans.

Remnants of the Felix Romuliana Imperial Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site; as many as 18 Roman emperors were born in modern-day Serbia
The Serbian Empire, a medieval Serbian state that emerged from the Kingdom of Serbia. It was established in 1346 by Dušan the Mighty
The Battle of Kosovo (1389) is particularly important to Serbian history, tradition and national identity.
The Great Migrations of the Serbs, led by Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević
Great Serbian Retreat in 1915 led by Peter I of Serbia. As the part of Entente Powers during WW I, Serbia lost about 850,000 people, a quarter of its pre-war population.
Great Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci, and other Slavs proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina region with the Kingdom of Serbia in Novi Sad in 1918
A group of children wait in line at an unidentified Croatian Ustaše concentration camp in Croatia, for Serbs and Jews during WWII.
A monument commemorating the victims of Sajmište concentration camp, a part of the Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia and genocide of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia.
The principle of non-alignment was the core of Yugoslav and later Serbian diplomacy. The First Non-Aligned Movement Summit Conference took place in Belgrade in September 1961
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and territories of Serb breakaway states Republika Srpska and Republika Srpska Krajina during the Yugoslav wars
Serbian and other children refugees of the Kosovo War. The war ended with NATO bombing which remains a controversial topic.
Topographic map of Serbia including Kosovo
The Iron Gates, Đerdap National Park.
Picea omorika is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the Tara mountain in western Serbia.
Uvac Gorge, one of the last remaining habitats of the griffon vulture in Europe.
The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world.
Map of Serbian language - official (dark blue) or recognized as minority language (light blue).
Building of the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade
NIS headquarters in Novi Sad
Serbia is among the world's largest producer of plums as of 2018; plum is considered the national fruit of Serbia.
Serbia Product Exports map 2019
The Fiat 500L is manufactured in the FCA plant in Kragujevac.
Đerdap 1 Hydroelectric Power Station, the largest dam on the Danube river and one of the largest hydro power stations in Europe
Serbian motorway network:
Air Serbia's airplane taking off from Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
Astrophysicist Milutin Milanković was an important climate science theorist
Nikola Tesla contributed to the design of the modern AC electricity supply system.
The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded in 1841
The National Museum of Serbia.
Mileševa monastery's White Angel fresco (1235) was in the first Europe-to-America satellite broadcast.
Performance artist Marina Abramović
Miroslav's Gospel (1186) is a 362-page illuminated manuscript on parchment listed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.
Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav writer and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, in his home in Belgrade
Filip Višnjić sings to the gusle by Sreten Stojanović
Exit Festival in Novi Sad, proclaimed as the Best Major European festival at the EU Festival Awards
Serbia won the Eurovision Song Contest 2007.
A Serbian Christmas meal with roast pork, Russian salad and red wine.
Gibanica, a Serbian pastry usually made with cottage cheese and eggs.
Tennis player Novak Djokovic, he has won 20 Grand Slam men's singles titles, including a record nine Australian Open titles.
Nikola Jokić, Two-time NBA MVP and four-time NBA All-Star. Serbia is one of the countries with the largest number of NBA players and with the greatest success in FIBA international competitions.
Serbia men's national water polo team held Olympic Games, World Championship, European Championship, World Cup and World League titles simultaneously in period from 2014 to 2016.
Mothers with children in the Croatian Ustaše Stara Gradiška concentration camp, a camp for Serbs and Jews in the Independent State of Croatia during WWII.

The Serbian Orthodox Church has many monasteries built in the Serbian Middle Ages.

Nemanjić dynasty, 14th century fresco from Visoki Dečani

Nemanjić dynasty

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Nemanjić dynasty, 14th century fresco from Visoki Dečani
Serbian Empire, 1355
Coat of arms attributed to the Nemanjić dynasty in the Fojnica Armorial, based on the Ohmućević Armorial (late 16th century). The double-headed eagle is attested for the flag of the medieval kingdom of Serbia by Angelino Dulcert (1339).

The House of Nemanjić (, pl. Немањићи; Serbian Latin: Nemanjić, pl. Nemanjići, ) was the most prominent dynasty of Serbia in the Middle Ages.

First page of St. Sava's Nomocanon, 1262 manuscript

Zakonopravilo

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The highest code in the Serbian Orthodox Church, finished in 1219.

The highest code in the Serbian Orthodox Church, finished in 1219.

First page of St. Sava's Nomocanon, 1262 manuscript
Fresco of Saint Sava, Studenica Monastery

This legal act was written in simple folk language and its basic purpose was to organize continuation and functioning of the Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church.

King Milutin, founder's portrait (fresco) in "King's Church" of the Studenica monastery, painted during his lifetime, around 1314

Stefan Milutin

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The King of Serbia between 1282–1321, a member of the Nemanjić dynasty.

The King of Serbia between 1282–1321, a member of the Nemanjić dynasty.

King Milutin, founder's portrait (fresco) in "King's Church" of the Studenica monastery, painted during his lifetime, around 1314
Young Milutin, fresco at Sopoćani
Victory of King Milutin over the Tatars (Mongols) (1853) by Anastas Jovanović
Novo Brdo Fortress was built by Stefan Milutin in 1285.
1. Milutin's state; 2. Stefan Dragutin's state; 3. Milutin's acquisitions up to 1299; 4. Temporary loss of land in Hum.
Relics of Milutin in the St Nedelya Church, Sofia
Gračanica Monastery, today a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Hilandar monastery
Tower of king Milutin, Hilandar monastery
Church of St. George

He was one of the most powerful rulers of Serbia in the Middle Ages.

King Marko on a fresco above the south entrance to the church of Marko's Monastery near Skopje. He was a ktetor of this monastery.

Prince Marko

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King Marko on a fresco above the south entrance to the church of Marko's Monastery near Skopje. He was a ktetor of this monastery.
Marko's father King Vukašin (from a fresco in the Psača Monastery, North Macedonia)
Approximate borders of territory ruled by King Marko after 1377
Remains of Marko's fortress above Prilep, known as Markovi Kuli ("Marko's towers")
Marko's Monastery in Markova Sušica, near Skopje
A Herzegovinian sings with a gusle in an 1823 drawing. Serbian epic poems were often sung, accompanied by this traditional instrument.
Prince Marko and Musa Kesedžija, 1900 painting by Vladislav Titelbah; Prince Marko is on the right
Prince Marko, Miloš Obilić and the vila Ravijojla in a 1906 painting by Paja Jovanović inspired by the poem "Marko Kraljević and the Vila", which takes place on Mount Miroč
The Death of Prince Marko, 1848 painting by Novak Radonić
Kraljević Marko by Mina Karadžić, ca. 1850
Kraljević Marko by Ivan Meštrović, 1910

Marko Mrnjavčević (, ; c. 1335 – 17 May 1395) was the de jure Serbian king from 1371 to 1395, while he was the de facto ruler of territory in western Macedonia centered on the town of Prilep.

The Serbian Despotate in 1422

Serbian Despotate

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The Serbian Despotate in 1422
Despot's Gate in Belgrade, built by Despot Stefan Lazarević
The Serbian Despotate in 1422
The Serbian Despotate at the time of Stefan Lazarević (1422) and possession limit of Venice in Adriatic coast
The Serbian Despotate, 1421–1427
Smederevo Fortress, capital of the Serbian Despotate
The Serbian Despotate in 1433–1439
The Serbian Despotate, 1451–1454
Vršac Castle was founded by Branković
The Serbian Despotate, 1455–1459
Possessions of the Serbian despots in Syrmia, Bačka and Banat (15th–16th centuries)
Despot Đurađ's coat of arms, Prussian ed. Chronicle of the Council of Constance (before 1437)

The Serbian Despotate (Српска деспотовина / Srpska despotovina) was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century.

Seal of Prince Strojimir of Serbia, from the late 9th century

History of Serbia

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The history of Serbia covers the historical development of Serbia and of its predecessor states, from the Early Stone Age to the present state, as well as that of the Serbian people and of the areas they ruled historically.

The history of Serbia covers the historical development of Serbia and of its predecessor states, from the Early Stone Age to the present state, as well as that of the Serbian people and of the areas they ruled historically.

Seal of Prince Strojimir of Serbia, from the late 9th century
Approximate borders of the Serbian Empire in 1350
Dušan's Code, a compilation of several legal systems. It was used in the Serbian Empire
The 1456 Siege of Belgrade by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II
Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III
Miloš Obrenović, Prince of Serbia (1815–1839)
Southern and Northern Serbia (Vojvodina) in 1848
Coat of arms of the Principality of Serbia
Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia (1860–1868)
Serbia within borders of 1878–1912
Serbian infantry positioned at Ada Ciganlija
Partisan resistance fighter Stjepan Filipović shouting "Death to fascism, freedom to the People!" seconds before his execution by a Serbian State Guard unit in Valjevo
Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent country of the SFRY
Serbian politician Aleksandar Ranković, vice-president of Yugoslavia (1963–1966)
Slobodan Milošević, President of Serbia (1989–1997) and FRY (1997–2000)
People crossing Danube after destruction of all three bridges in Novi Sad during NATO bombing
Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia, assassinated in 2003
Serbia and Central Balkans in 2016 (de facto situation). Serbia does not recognize the self-proclaimed independence of Kosovo

The Serbian realms disappeared by the mid-16th century, torn by domestic feuds and overcome by Ottoman conquest.