A report on Serbo-Croatian and Standard language

Hval's Codex, 1404
Đuro Daničić, Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (Croatian or Serbian Dictionary), 1882
Gramatika bosanskoga jezika (Grammar of the Bosnian Language), 1890
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Tomislav Maretić's 1899 Grammar of Croatian or Serbian.
A "trilingual" warning sign in Latin and Cyrillic script on the pack of Drina cigarettes: all three inscriptions are identical.
Ethno-political variants of Serbo-Croatian as of 2006.
Humac tablet from the 10th century
Temnić inscription from the 11th century
Plomin tablet from the 11th century
Valun tablet from the 11th century
Inscription of Župa Dubrovačka from the 11th century
Baška tablet, Island Krk c. 1100
Charter of Ban Kulin from the 12th century
Miroslav Gospel, 1186
The Vinodol Codex, 1288
Dušan's Code, 1349
Missal of duke Novak, 1368
Vatican Croatian Prayer Book c. 1400
Hrvoje's Missal, 1404
Istrian Demarcation, 1526 copy

It is a pluricentric language with four mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin.

- Serbo-Croatian

In that vein, a pluricentric language has interacting standard varieties; examples are English, French, and Portuguese, German, Korean, and Serbo-Croatian, Spanish and Swedish, Armenian and Mandarin Chinese; whereas monocentric languages, such as Russian and Japanese, have one standardized idiom.

- Standard language
Hval's Codex, 1404

8 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Area where Shtokavian standard languages are spoken by the majority or plurality of inhabitants (in 2005)

Shtokavian

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Area where Shtokavian standard languages are spoken by the majority or plurality of inhabitants (in 2005)
Distribution of Shtokavian subdialects before 20th century
Serbo-Croatian dialects prior to the 16th-century migrations, distinguishing Western and Eastern Shtokavian
Map of Shtokavian dialects
Present-day spread of the three yat pronunciations in Serbo-Croatian: Ijekavian Ekavian Ikavian

Shtokavian or Štokavian ( /, ) is the prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards.

The standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian standard language are all based on the Neo-Shtokavian dialect.

Part of map 72 of the Atlas linguistique de la France, recording local forms meaning "today"

Dialect continuum

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Series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.

Series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.

Part of map 72 of the Atlas linguistique de la France, recording local forms meaning "today"
Local dialects of the West Germanic continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German, depending on which side of the border they are spoken.
Major dialect continua in Europe in the mid-20th century.
Romance languages in Europe
Areas of Chinese dialect groups

A variety within a dialect continuum may be developed and codified as a standard language, and then serve as an authority for part of the continuum, e.g. within a particular political unit or geographical area.

Standard Slovene, Macedonian, and Bulgarian are each based on a distinct dialect, but the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian standard varieties of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language are all based on the same dialect, Shtokavian.

Pluricentric language

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A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries.

The same process is under way in Serbo-Croatian.

Statue of the first Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (whose mother was Czech and father Slovak) with Czech flag on the left and Slovak flag on the right. There is a high level of mutual intelligibility between the closely related West Slavic languages Czech and Slovak (the Czech–Slovak languages).

Mutual intelligibility

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Relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

Relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

Statue of the first Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (whose mother was Czech and father Slovak) with Czech flag on the left and Slovak flag on the right. There is a high level of mutual intelligibility between the closely related West Slavic languages Czech and Slovak (the Czech–Slovak languages).

In contrast, there is often significant intelligibility between different Scandinavian languages, but as each of them has its own standard form, they are classified as separate languages.

Macedonian: Bulgarian (significantly), Serbo-Croatian (partially and asymmetrically)

Montenegro

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Country in Southeastern Europe.

Country in Southeastern Europe.

Ruins of the ancient city of Doclea
Battle of Vučji Do, 1876
Expansion of Montenegro from 1711 to 1918 within present borders
Royal family of Montenegro: King Nicholas I with his wife, sons, daughters, grandchildren and sons- and daughters-in-law
Captured ships of the Yugoslav Navy, Bay of Kotor 1941
Josip Broz Tito, President of SFR with the socio-political assets of SR Montenegro in the building of the Parliament of Montenegro
Supporters of Montenegrin independence in June 2006 in Cetinje
The controversial 2019 law on religious communities, introduced by the former ruling DPS, proposed the transfer of the majority of religious objects and land owned by the largest religious organization in the country, the SPC, to the Montenegrin state. It sparked a series of massive protests across the country, which led to the first government change in the country's history.
Satellite image of Montenegro and surrounding countries
The Koplje, Sjeverni and Veliki Vrh mountains 2490 m in Prokletije National Park
Lake Biograd in Biogradska Gora National Park, which is a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve
Black Lake in Durmitor National Park, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Lake Skadar National Park is a hotspot of freshwater biodiversity.
Parliament of Montenegro
Signing of the protocol on Montenegro's accession to NATO. Montenegro officially became the 29th member of the NATO in 2017
The Mausoleum of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš in Lovćen National Park
Montenegrin army soldiers with NATO allies from United States, Croatia, Albania, Slovenia and North Macedonia during “Immediate Response 2012”, Slunj, Croatia
Municipalities and Statistical regions of Montenegro
A proportional representation of Montenegro exports, 2019
Roads of Montenegro in service and two planned: red – Bar–Boljare highway, blue – Adriatic–Ionian motorway
The Bay of Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The resort of Sveti Stefan, near the coastal town of Budva
Ethnic structure of Montenegro by settlements, 2011
Linguistic structure of Montenegro by settlements, 2011
Religious structure of Montenegro by settlements, 2011
National Museum of Montenegro
A first edition copy of Gorski vijenac (The Mountain Wreath; 1847)
Foods from Montenegro
Njeguški pršut
Podgorica City Stadium, Montenegro fans with national features
Montenegro, satellite view
Great People's Assembly on the occasion of the establishment of the Eighth Montenegrin Brigade in Berane, February 25, 1944.
Opening of Belgrade–Bar railway. Construction of the line started in the 1950s and completed in 1976. The line was opened in 1976 by the Yugoslavian President Josip Broz Tito
Map of the disintegration of Yugoslavia until 2008
Topographic map of Montenegro

Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian are mutually intelligible as standard varieties of the Serbo-Croatian language.

Language secessionism

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Attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order to make this variety be considered as a distinct language.

Attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order to make this variety be considered as a distinct language.

Balearic language secessionism is quite marginal and is supported by a few cultural groups. It has very little impact in the population. It is included in a wider (but unorganized) tendency called "gonellisme", which struggles against the standardization of Catalan.

Serbo-Croatian has a strong structural unity, according to the vast majority of linguists who specialize in Slavic languages.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans.

Country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans.

Iron Age cult carriage from Banjani, near Sokolac
Mogorjelo, ancient Roman suburban Villa Rustica from the 4th century, near Čapljina
Hval's Codex, illustrated Slavic manuscript from medieval Bosnia
Bosnia in the Middle Ages spanning the Banate of Bosnia and the succeeding Kingdom of Bosnia
Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque in Sarajevo, dating from 1531
Austro-Hungarian troops enter Sarajevo, 1878
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip
"Keep/Protect Yugoslavia" (Čuvajte Jugoslaviju), a variant of the alleged last words of King Alexander I, in an illustration of Yugoslav peoples dancing the kolo
The railway bridge over the Neretva River in Jablanica, twice destroyed during the 1943 Case White offensive
Eternal flame memorial to military and civilian World War II victims in Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina's flag while part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Dissolution of Yugoslavia
The Executive Council Building burns after being struck by tank fire during the Siege of Sarajevo, 1992
Tuzla government building burning after anti-government clashes on 7 February 2014
Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), Republika Srpska (RS) and Brčko District (BD)
Estimated development of real GDP per capita of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1952
Proportional diagram of Bosnia and Herzegovina exports as of 2019
The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo
Apron view of the Sarajevo International Airport
University of Sarajevo's Faculty of Law
National and University Library in Sarajevo
Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina headquarters in Sarajevo
Stećci from Radimlja, near Stolac (13th century)
Bosniaks dancing a traditional kolo
Serbs from Bosanska Krajina in traditional clothing
Bosnian meat platter that contains, among other things, ćevapi, which is considered the national dish of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium in Sarajevo hosted the opening ceremony of the 1984 Winter Olympics.
Edin Džeko, captain of the Bosnian national football team
Neum, Bosnian and Herzegovinan only town on the Adriatic

The three standard languages are fully mutually intelligible and are known collectively under the appellation of Serbo-Croatian, despite this term not being formally recognized in the country.

Orthography

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Set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.

Set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.

The rules for doing this tend to become standardized for a given language, leading to the development of an orthography that is generally considered "correct".

Finnish, Turkish and Serbo-Croatian orthographies are remarkably consistent: approximation of the principle "one letter per sound".