A report on Shia Islam

Kalema at Qibla of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt, displaying the phrase Ali-un-Waliullah (علي ولي الله: "ʿAlī is the Wali (custodian) of God")

ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, is credited as the first male convert to Islam.

Jamkaran Mosque in Qom, Iran is a popular pilgrimage site for Shīʿa Muslims. Local belief holds that the 12th Shīʿīte Imam—the promised Mahdi according to Twelvers—once appeared and offered prayers at Jamkaran.

Shīʿa Muslims gathered in prayer at the Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn in Karbala, Iraq

Map of the Muslim world's schools of jurisprudence.

Names of the 12 Imams (descendants of Imam ʿAlī) written in the calligraphic form of the name ʿAlī in علي

Calligraphic representation of the 12 Imams along with the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Shāh Karim al-Husayni, known as the Aga Khan IV, is the 49th and current Imam of Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs.

Gold dinar of al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā, the first Zaydī Imam of Yemen, minted in 910–911 CE.

The Zaydī State of Yemen under the rule of Imam Al-Mutawakkil Ismāʿīl bin al-Qāsim (1644–1676)

The investiture of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib at Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, 1308-1309 CE, Ilkhanid manuscript illustration)

Great Mosque of Kufa, site of ʿAlī's assassination (661 CE)

Ḍarīẖ over ʿAlī's qabr (grave), Sanctuary of Imām ʿAlī, Najaf (present-day Iraq)

Battle of Karbala, painting by the Isfahan-based Persian artist Abbas Al-Mousavi, Brooklyn Museum (between 1868 and 1933).

Zulfiqar with and without the shield. The Fatimid depiction of ʿAlī's sword is carved on the gates of Old Cairo, namely Bab al-Nasr (shown below). Two swords were captured from the temple of the pre-Islamic Arabian deity Manāt during the Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali. Muhammad gave them to ʿAlī, saying that one of them was "Zulfiqar", which became famously known as the sword of ʿAlī and a later symbol of Shīʿīsm.

Depiction of ʿAlī's sword and shield carved on the Bab al-Nasr gate wall in Cairo, Egypt

Sanctuary of Imam Reza in Mashhad, Iran, is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imam Reza, the 8th Imam of Twelver Shīʿas.

Ghazan and his brother Öljaitü both were tolerant of sectarian differences within the boundaries of Islam, in contrast to the traditions of Genghis Khan.

One of Shah Ismail I of Safavid dynasty first actions was the proclamation of the Twelver sect of Shia Islam to be the official religion of his newly formed state, causing sectarian tensions in the Middle East when he destroyed the tombs of Abū Ḥanīfa and the Sufi Abdul Qadir Gilani in 1508. In 1533, Ottomans, upon their conquest of Iraq, rebuilt various important Sunni shrines.

The declaration of Shiism as the state religion of the Safavid dynasty in Persia.

Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, where more than 7000 Muslims of Shia and Sunni sects were killed in battle.

Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, was a major sectarian crisis in the Middle East.

Second-largest branch of Islam.

- Shia Islam

250 related topics with Alpha

Sunni Islam

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Largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims.

The Kaaba mosque in Mecca is the largest and most important mosque in the world.

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

The Great Mosque of Kairouan (also known as the Mosque of Uqba) in the city of Kairouan, Tunisia, was, particularly from the 9th—11th century, an important center of Islamic learning with an emphasis on the Maliki Madh'hab.

Muhammed accompanied by the archangels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil und Azrael. Turkish Siyer-i-Nebi-work, 1595

Ahmed el-Tayeb, Great-Imam of Azhar, was one of the most important participants of the Sunni-conference in Grosny, distanced himself from the declaration

Countries with more than 95% Muslim population.
Sunni
Shias
Ibadi

The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions.

Calligraphic representation of Ali's name

Ali

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Cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The calligraphy of the names of ahl al-kisa and two hadiths of Muhammad on the cloth, probably belonging to Iran or Central Asia

Arabic calligraphy which means "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar"

Zulfiqar with, and without the shield. The Fatimid depiction of Ali's sword as carved on the Gates of Old Islamic Cairo, namely Bab al-Nasr

Ali's Sword and shield carved on Bab al-Nasr gate wall, Cairo

The Investiture of Ali, at Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, 1307–8 Ilkhanid manuscript illustration)

Ambigram depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180-degree inverted form shows both words.

The election of Uthman, from Balami's Tarikhnama

Map of the First Fitna; green territory under Ali's control; pink territory under Mu'awiya's control.

Allegiance is given to Ali, electing him as caliph, following the murder of Uthman (from a 16th-century Turkish manuscript)

Coin minted under Ali's Caliphate in Bishapur, 36 AH/656CE

Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel

Combat between the forces of Ali and Mu'awiya during the Battle of Siffin, from the Tarikhnama

The Nahrawan Canal ran parallel to the east bank of the Tigris.

A manuscript of the Mushaf of Ali, a Qur'an that is believed to be written by Ali ibn Abi Talib. This page is the first verses of surah al-Buruj, 85:1–3.

18th century mirror writing in Ottoman calligraphy. Depicts the phrase 'Ali is the vicegerent of God' in both directions.

The name of Ali with Islamic calligraphy in Hagia Sophia, (present-day Turkey)

He is one of the central figures in Shia Islam as the first Shia Imam and in Sunni Islam as the fourth of the "rightly guided" (rāshidūn) caliphs (name used for the first four successors to Muhammad).

Islam

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Abrahamic monotheistic religion, centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text that is considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main and final Islamic prophet.

Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript Jami' al-Tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, 1307.

The first chapter of the Quran, Al-Fatiha (The Opening), is seven verses

A Persian miniature depicts Muhammad leading Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets in prayer.

Silver coin of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, inscribed with the Shahadah

Muslim men prostrating in prayer, at the Umayyad Mosque, Damascus.

A fast-breaking feast, known as Iftar, is served traditionally with dates

Pilgrims at the Great Mosque of Mecca during the Hajj season

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar supplicating to God.

Dome of the Rock built by caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan; completed at the end of the Second Fitna

The eye, according to Hunain ibn Ishaq from a manuscript dated c. 1200

Ghazan Khan, 7th Ilkhanate ruler of the Mongol Empire, converts to Islam

Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty.

World Muslim population by percentage (Pew Research Center, 2014).

The nine volumes of Sahih Al-Bukhari, one of the six Sunni hadith books

The Imam Hussein Shrine in Iraq is a holy site for Shia Muslims

An overview of the major sects and madhahib of Islam

The Whirling Dervishes, or Mevlevi Order by the tomb of Sufi-mystic Rumi

Islamic schools of law in the Muslim world

John of Damascus, under the Umayyad Caliphate, viewed Islamic doctrines as a hodgepodge from the Bible.

Great Mosque of Djenné, in the west African country of Mali

Dome in Po-i-Kalyan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan

14th century Great Mosque of Xi'an in China

16th century Menara Kudus Mosque in Indonesia showing Indian influence

The phrase Bismillah in an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from the Ottoman region.

Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in Shiraz, Iran

Most of the world's Muslims belong to two notable Islamic denominations: Sunni (85–90 percent) or Shia (10–15 percent); combined, they make up a majority of the population in 49 countries.

Calligraphic representation of the Twelve Imams surrounding the name of Muhammad

Twelver Shi'ism

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Names of The Fourteen Infallibles (Masūmeen - Descendants Of Muhammad) written in the form of Arabic name على 'Ali'

Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq, where the Battle of Karbala took place

Twelver Shīʿīsm (ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة; ʾIthnā ʿAšarīyah), also known as Imāmīyyah (إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa Islam, comprising about 85 percent of all Shīʿa Muslims.

Ambigram depicting Muhammad and Ali written in a single word. The 180 degrees inverted form shows both words.

Isma'ilism

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Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, Egypt, erected by al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, an Ismāʿīlī Imām and Fatimid Caliph.

Ismāʿīlīs believe the Quran has two layers of meaning, the zāhir meaning apparent, and the bātin, meaning hidden.

Branching of Ismāʿilism within Shia Islam at a glance. (Note: Kaysani's Imam Hanafiyyah is a descendant of Ali from Ali's wife Khawlah, not Fatimah.)

The divisions of the Mustaali, sometimes referred to as Bohras.

Isma'ilism (الإسماعيلية) is a branch or sub-sect of Shia Islam.

Quran

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Or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God.

Muhammad's first revelation, Surah Al-Alaq, later placed 96th in the Qur'anic regulations, in current writing style

Quran − in Mashhad, Iran − said to be written by Ali

The right page of the Stanford '07 binary manuscript. The upper layer is verses 265-271 of the surah Bakara. The double-layer reveals the additions made on the first text of the Qur'an and the differences with today's Qur'an.

While standing in prayers, worshipers recite the first chapter of the Quran, al-Fatiha, followed by any other section.

First sura of the Quran, Al-Fatiha, consisting of seven verses.

A 12th-century Quran manuscript at Reza Abbasi Museum.

Verse about the month of Ramadan, second sura, verse 185. from a Quran manuscript dated to 1510

An early interpretation of Sura 108 of the Quran

Men reading the Quran at the Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria

Shia Muslim girls reciting the Quran placed atop folding lecterns (rehal) during Ramadan in Qom, Iran

An 11th-century North African Quran at the British Museum

Page of the Quran with vocalization marks

Quran divided into 6 books. Published by Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus-Beirut

Page from a Quran ('Umar-i Aqta'). Iran, Afghanistan, Timurid dynasty, c. 1400. Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper in the Muqaqqaq script. 170 ×. Historical region: Uzbekistan.

Calligraphy, 18th century. Brooklyn Museum.

Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi, India.

Typical mosque lamp, of enamelled glass, with the Ayat an-Nur or "Verse of Light" (24:35).

Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period.

The leaves from this Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink have a horizontal format. This is admirably suited to classical Kufic calligraphy, which became common under the early Abbasid caliphs.

Manuscript of the Quran at the Brooklyn Museum

1091 Quranic text in bold script with Persian translation and commentary in a lighter script.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alya Karame|title=Qur'ans from the Eastern Islamic World between the 4 th /10 th and 6 th /12 th Centuries |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/28999/Karame2018%20text.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |website=The University of Edinburgh |page=109|language=en}}</ref>

Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the Ilkhanid Era.

The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: L'Alcoran de Mahomet, André du Ryer, 1647.

Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran.

Verses 33 and 34 of surat Yā Sīn in this Chinese translation of the Quran.

Folio from the "Blue" Quran. Brooklyn Museum.

shikasta nastaliq script, 18th–19th centuries.

Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation.

Caliphate

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Institution or public office governing a territory under Islamic rule.

The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212

Map of the Fatimid Caliphate at its largest extent in the early 11th century

Ayyubid Sultanate (in pink) at the death of Saladin in 1193

The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, under Sultan Mehmed IV

Abdulmejid II, the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the Ottoman dynasty, with his daughter Dürrüşehvar Sultan

Official portrait of Abdulmejid II as caliph

Hafiz Muhiuddin Aurangzeb, unlike his predecessors, was considered to be a Caliph of India

The Ahmadiyya flag, first designed in 1939, during the leadership of the Second Caliph

ISIL's territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015

Military situation in Libya in early 2016:
Location dot grey.svg Ansar al-Sharia Location dot black.svg Islamic State

The fourth caliph, Ali, who, unlike the prior three, was from the same clan as Muhammad (Banu Hāshim), is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad.

Hadith

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Ḥadīth ( or ; حديث, ḥadīṯ,, pl. aḥādīth, أحاديث, ʾaḥādīṯ, , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar (أثر, ʾAṯar, literally "tradition") in Islam refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as transmitted through chains of narrators.

In Shia Islam, hadith are the embodiment of the sunnah, the words and actions of Muhammad and his family, the Ahl al-Bayt (The Twelve Imams and Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah).

Extent of Zaydi dynasty in North Africa.

Zaydism

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Zaydism (زيدية) is a Shia Islamic branch closest in terms of theology to the Ibadi and Mutazila schools.

Muslim world

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Also known as the Ummah.

A Seljuq, shatranj (chess) set, glazed fritware, 12th century.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Muslim polymath from Al Andalus.

The Spinning wheel is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the Greater Middle East), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the Industrial Revolution. (scene from Al-Maqamat, painted by al-Wasiti 1237)

The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Al-Idrisi of Sicily in 1154, one of the most advanced ancient world maps. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design

Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).

Indonesia is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.

Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister of Pakistan became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.

Islamic schools of law across the Muslim world

Muslim Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph al-Qadir in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's Jami‘ al-Tawarikh

Battle between Ismail of the Safaviyya and the ruler of Shirvan, Farrukh Yassar

Shah of Safavid Empire Abbas I meet with Vali Muhammad Khan

Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the Quran, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan

Portrait of a painter during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II

A Persian miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma‘ali, a scholar

Ilkhanate Empire ruler, Ghazan, studying the Quran

Layla and Majnun studying together, from a Persian miniature painting

Hadiqatus-suada by Oghuz Turkic poet Fuzûlî

The story of Princess Parizade and the Magic Tree.<ref>The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517214353/https://books.google.com/books?id=ATkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA543&dq=princess+parizade#v=onepage&q=princess%20parizade&f=false |date=17 May 2020 }}. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.</ref>

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's ''Astrolabe. (13th century)

One of Mansur ibn Ilyas (Ak Koyunlu era) colored illustrations of human anatomy.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi's Kitab al-Tasrif

A self-trimming lamp from Banū Mūsā's work On Mechanical Devices on Automation.

An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.

The Elephant Clock was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of Omar Khayyam.

Lagâri Hasan Çelebi's rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving.

The city of Baghdad being besieged during the Mongolian invasions.

Mongol armies capture of the Alamut, Persian miniature.

$Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Mughal Emperor Akbar's Siege of Ranthambore Fort in 1568.<ref>{{cite web|last=Unknown|url=http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm|title=Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort|date=1590–95|website=the Akbarnama|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm|archive-date=19 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>$

The Mughal Army under the command of Islamist Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Gun-wielding Ottoman Janissaries in combat against the Knights of Saint John at the Siege of Rhodes in 1522.

Cannons and guns belonging to the Aceh Sultanate (in modern Indonesia).

Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II negotiates with the East India Company after being defeated during the Battle of Buxar.

East India Company's Robert Clive meeting the Nawabs of Bengal before the Battle of Plassey

Siege of Ochakov (1788), an armed conflict between the Ottomans and the Russian Tsardom.

French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Mamluks and Ottomans

The Java War between the Netherlands and Javanese aristocracy led by Prince Diponegoro, from 1825 to 1830

The French conquest of Algeria, from 1830 to 1903

The Hispano-Moroccan War between Spain and Morocco, from 1859 to 1860

The Italo-Turkish War between Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 1911 to 1912

The Christian reconquest of Buda, Ottoman Hungary, 1686, painted by Frans Geffels

Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899

The Melilla War between Spain and Rif Berbers of Morocco in 1909

Turkish Muslims at the Eyüp Sultan Mosque on Eid al-Adha

Shi'a Muslims in Iran commemorate Ashura

Friday prayer for Sunni Muslims in Dhaka, Bangladesh

A Sufi dervish drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in Omdurman, Sudan

Druze dignitaries celebrating the Nabi Shu'ayb festival at the tomb of Muhammad in Hittin

Ibadis living in the M'zab valley in Algerian Sahara

Most of the inhabitants of the Hunza Valley in Pakistan are Ismaili Muslims

Young school girls in Paktia Province of Afghanistan.

Schoolgirls in Gaza lining up for class, 2009.

Medical students of anatomy, before an exam in moulage, Iran

Taj Mahal in Agra city of India was constructed during the Mughal Empire

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Selangor, Malaysia

Great Mosque of Córdoba in Spain is a Moorish-style mosque.

"Tower of Introspection" (省心楼) at the Great Mosque of Xi'an, China

The design of Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan is inspired by Bedouin's tent.

The subdivision rule used to generate the Girih pattern on the spandrel.

Girih pattern that can be drawn with compass and straight edge.

Kufic script from an early Qur'an manuscript, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87)

Islamic calligraphy represented for amulet of sailors in the Ottoman Empire.

Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various planets.

A group of marabouts – West African religious leaders and teachers of the Quran.

Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta

Minangkabau people (Padang, Western Sumatra) reciting Al-Qur'an

Muslim girls walking for school in Bangladesh

and Shia (10-15%).See