A report on Southern Ocean

The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002)
A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean
The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas.
"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century
1928 delineation
1937 delineation
Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas
Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean
A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia
1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America.
Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721)
"Terres Australes" (sic) label without any charted landmass
James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig and the cutter Beaufroy
Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it."
Admiral von Bellingshausen
USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840.
1911 South Polar Regions exploration map
Frank Hurley, As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia.
MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg.
Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean
Manganese nodule
An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island (AGB-1), USS Atka (AGB-3), and USS Glacier (AGB-4) near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.
Location of the Southern Ocean gyres.
Regional Working Group zones for SOOS
Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean
A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia
Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic
Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals.
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web.
A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens)
An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel
Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard.

The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica.

- Southern Ocean
The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002)

111 related topics with Alpha

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Epimeriidae

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Family of relatively large amphipods found in cold oceans around the world.

Family of relatively large amphipods found in cold oceans around the world.

Members of this family range from the intertidal zone to a depth of 5695 m, but overall mostly 150-2500 m and in the Southern Ocean mostly 100-700 m. The highest species richness is in the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Convergence, followed by deep parts of the Pacific Ocean, with only a few elsewhere, including the Magellanic region, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean (both north and south) and Mediterranean Sea.

South East Cape from South Cape Bay

South East Cape

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Cape located at the southernmost point of the main island of Tasmania, the southernmost state of Australia.

Cape located at the southernmost point of the main island of Tasmania, the southernmost state of Australia.

South East Cape from South Cape Bay

South East Cape is one of the five southernmost capes that can be rounded by Southern Ocean sailors.

Winter Quarters Bay's use as a seaport began in 1901 with Robert F. Scott's Discovery Expedition

Winter Quarters Bay

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Winter Quarters Bay's use as a seaport began in 1901 with Robert F. Scott's Discovery Expedition
Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard.

Winter Quarters Bay is a small cove of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, located 2,200 mi due south of New Zealand at 77°50'S. The harbor is the southernmost port in the Southern Ocean and features a floating ice pier for summer cargo operations.

To the left, the black-hulled whaling ships. To the right, the red-hulled whale-watching ship. Iceland, 2011.

Whaling

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Process of hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that became increasingly important in the Industrial Revolution.

Process of hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that became increasingly important in the Industrial Revolution.

To the left, the black-hulled whaling ships. To the right, the red-hulled whale-watching ship. Iceland, 2011.
Number of whales killed through time
Eighteenth-century engraving showing Dutch whalers hunting bowhead whales in the Arctic
Whaling on Danes Island, by Abraham Speeck, 1634. Skokloster Castle.
One of the oldest known whaling paintings, by Bonaventura Peeters, depicting Dutch whalers at Spitzbergen c. 1645
Indian Whalers Stripping Their Prey at Neah Bay – 1910
A modern whaling vessel in Germany
Whales caught 2010–2014, by country
Dominoes made from whale bones in Germany
Whales caught, by year, including corrected USSR totals; source has data by species
Catching and rendering whales, South Sea Whale Fishery, aquatint print, 1835
Young butchered beluga on the beach of the Inuit village of Salluit, Quebec, July 2001
Killed pilot whales on the beach in Hvalba, Faroe Islands
Whales caught per year
Icelandic whaling vessels
Minke whale meat kebabs, Reykjavík, Iceland
Lamakera whale hunters in a traditional boat called paledang
The catch of lamakerans
An adult and sub-adult minke whale are dragged aboard the Nisshin Maru, a Japanese whaling vessel.
Norwegian catches (1946–2005) in red and quotas (1994–2006) in blue of minke whale, from Norwegian official statistics
Boy in Bequia in the Grenadines carrying meat of a humpback whale (2007)
A traditional whaling crew in Alaska
Whales party upon newly discovered oil in Pennsylvania in Vanity Fair magazine on April 20, 1861

More than 200 scientists and experts have opposed the compromise proposal for lifting the ban, and have also opposed allowing whaling in the Southern Ocean, which was declared a whale sanctuary in 1994.

Emperor penguin

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Tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.

Tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.

Adults with chicks
Mounted skeleton at the American Museum of Natural History
Emperor penguin jumping out of the water in Antarctica
Halley Bay Colony in 1999
An emperor penguin colony on Snow Hill Island
Emperor penguin attacked by a leopard seal
Giant petrel and emperor penguin chicks
The life-cycle of the emperor penguin
The egg of the emperor penguin. It is 13.5 × 9.5 cm and vaguely pear-shaped. Muséum de Toulouse
Emperor penguin feeding a chick
Two Adélie penguins and an emperor penguin at SeaWorld San Diego

The emperor penguin searches for prey in the open water of the Southern Ocean, in either ice-free areas of open water or tidal cracks in pack ice.

Laternula elliptica

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Species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Laternulidae, the lantern shells.

Species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Laternulidae, the lantern shells.

It is the largest bivalve found under the surface of the seabed in the Southern Ocean.

Gabriel de Castilla

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Spanish explorer and navigator.

Spanish explorer and navigator.

Historians conjecture that they penetrated to a latitude of (64° S) in the Southern Ocean, south of Drake Passage.

Glyptonotus antarcticus

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Benthic marine isopod crustacean in the suborder Valvifera.

Benthic marine isopod crustacean in the suborder Valvifera.

This relatively large isopod is found in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica.

a Westland petrel

Petrel

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Petrels are tube-nosed seabirds in the bird order Procellariiformes.

Petrels are tube-nosed seabirds in the bird order Procellariiformes.

a Westland petrel

It is dominant in the Southern Oceans, but not so in the Northern Hemisphere.

50th meridian west

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The meridian 50° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.