A report on Southern Ocean

The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002)
A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean
The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas.
"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century
1928 delineation
1937 delineation
Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas
Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean
A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia
1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America.
Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721)
"Terres Australes" (sic) label without any charted landmass
James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig and the cutter Beaufroy
Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it."
Admiral von Bellingshausen
USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840.
1911 South Polar Regions exploration map
Frank Hurley, As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia.
MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg.
Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean
Manganese nodule
An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island (AGB-1), USS Atka (AGB-3), and USS Glacier (AGB-4) near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.
Location of the Southern Ocean gyres.
Regional Working Group zones for SOOS
Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean
A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia
Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic
Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals.
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web.
A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens)
An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel
Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard.

The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica.

- Southern Ocean
The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002)

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The Amundsen Sea area of Antarctica

Amundsen Sea

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The Amundsen Sea area of Antarctica
Antarctic iceberg floating in the Amundsen Sea water, October 2009.
Large B-22 iceberg breaking off from Thwaites Glacier and remnants of the B-21 iceberg from Pine Island Glacier in Pine Island Bay to the right of the image
Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean

The Amundsen Sea, an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica, lies between Cape Flying Fish (the northwestern tip of Thurston Island) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west.

Dissostichus

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Genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefish.

Genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefish.

Toothfish are vital to the ecological structure of Southern Ocean ecosystems.

60th parallel south

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Circle of latitude that is 60 degrees south of Earth's equatorial plane.

Circle of latitude that is 60 degrees south of Earth's equatorial plane.

The parallel marks the northern limit of the Southern Ocean (though some organisations and countries, notably Australia, have other definitions) and of the Antarctic Treaty System.

1834 painting of James Clark Ross

James Clark Ross

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British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle Sir John Ross, and four led by Sir William Parry, and, in particular, for his own Antarctic expedition from 1839 to 1843.

British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle Sir John Ross, and four led by Sir William Parry, and, in particular, for his own Antarctic expedition from 1839 to 1843.

1834 painting of James Clark Ross
Illustration of the discovery of the North Magnetic Pole from Robert Huish's 1835 book.
Ross expedition in the Antarctic, 1847, by John Carmichael
"E.I. 1849": and, inscribed by a crew member of the Ross expedition on Somerset Island
James Clark Ross, depicted in 1850 by Stephen Pearce

En route to the Southern Ocean, Ross established magnetic measurement stations in St. Helena, Cape Town, and Kerguelen before arriving in Hobart in early 1840 and establishing a further permanent station with the help of governor John Franklin before waiting for the summer season.

The proposed Somov Sea name and other proposed names as part of the Southern Ocean

Somov Sea

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The proposed Somov Sea name and other proposed names as part of the Southern Ocean

Somov Sea (Море Сомова, More Somova) was a proposed name for part of the Southern Ocean.

Fiann Paul

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Icelandic explorer, athlete, artist, speaker and Jungian psychoanalyst.

Icelandic explorer, athlete, artist, speaker and Jungian psychoanalyst.

"Dialog", large-scale, outdoor art installation in 2008
"See It", large-scale, outdoor art installation in 2011
Timelapse of endurance hunting presented by Fiann Paul during TEDx talk.

Fiann has crossed all five oceans in an unsupported human-powered row boat with world-record-breaking speed, setting the overall speed records for the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Arctic Ocean (he achieved the only human-powered crossing of the Antarctic Ocean and as a result no speed record was adjudicated due to lack of competition).

177th meridian west

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The meridian 177° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

Phytoplankton

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Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems.

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems.

Photosynthesis requires light, so phytoplankton must operate in surface layers of the ocean where light penetrates. The depth phytoplankton operate at varies, sometimes confined just to the surface, and at other times drifting to 100 metres deep.
World concentrations of surface ocean chlorophyll as viewed by satellite during the northern spring, averaged from 1998 to 2004. Chlorophyll is a marker for the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton.
This map by NOAA shows coastal areas where upwelling occurs. Nutrients that accompany upwelling can enhance phytoplankton abundance
(A) The natural logarithm of the annual mean of monthly phytoplankton richness is shown as a function of sea temperature (k, Boltzmann's constant; T, temperature in kelvin). Filled and open circles indicate areas where the model results cover 12 or less than 12 months, respectively. Trend lines are shown separately for each hemisphere (regressions with local polynomial fitting). The solid black line represents the linear fit to richness, and the dashed black line indicates the slope expected from metabolic theory (−0.32). The map inset visualizes richness deviations from the linear fit. The relative area of three different thermal regimes (separated by thin vertical lines) is given at the bottom of the figure. Observed thermal (B) and latitudinal (C) ranges of individual species are displayed by gray horizontal bars (minimum to maximum, dots for median) and ordered from wide-ranging (bottom) to narrow-ranging (top). The x axis in (C) is reversed for comparison with (B). Red lines show the expected richness based on the overlapping ranges, and blue lines depict the species' average range size (±1 SD, blue shading) at any particular x value. Lines are shown for areas with higher confidence.
(A) Annual mean of monthly species richness and (B) month-to-month species turnover projected by SDMs. Latitudinal gradients of (C) richness and (D) turnover. Colored lines (regressions with local polynomial fitting) indicate the means per degree latitude from three different SDM algorithms used (red shading denotes ±1 SD from 1000 Monte Carlo runs that used varying predictors for GAM). Poleward of the thin horizontal lines shown in (C) and (D), the model results cover only <12 or <9 months, respectively.
As for any other species or ecological community, the oxygen-plankton system is affected by environmental noise of various origins, such as the inherent stochasticity (randomness) of weather conditions.
Cyanobacteria, diatom, dinoflagellate, green algae and coccolithophore (L&ndash;R).

However, across large areas of the oceans such as the Southern Ocean, phytoplankton are limited by the lack of the micronutrient iron.

North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water blend to form Circumpolar Deep Water

Circumpolar deep water

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Designation given to the water mass in the Pacific and Indian oceans that is a mixing of other water masses in the region.

Designation given to the water mass in the Pacific and Indian oceans that is a mixing of other water masses in the region.

North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water blend to form Circumpolar Deep Water

CDW, the greatest volume water mass in the Southern Ocean, includes the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), as well as recirculated deep water from the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Location of the Ross Gyre in the Ross Sea

Ross Gyre

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Location of the Ross Gyre in the Ross Sea

The Ross Gyre is one of the two gyres that exist within the Southern Ocean.