Spanish Florida and Related Topics

An Afro-Seminole elder smoking from a pipe (1952)

Black Seminoles

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The Black Seminoles, or Afro-Seminoles are Native American-Africans associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma.

Abraham, a black Seminole leader, from N. Orr's engraving in The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War (1848) by John T. Sprague.

"An Indigenous town, residence of a chief", from Lithographs of Events in the Seminole War in Florida in 1835, published by Gray and James in 1837

Massacre of the Whites by the Native Americans and blacks in Florida, engraving by D.F. Blanchard for an 1836 account of the Dade Massacre at the outset of the Second Seminole War (1835–42).

19th-century engraving of a Black Seminole warrior - often believed to be John Horse - of the First Seminole War. (1817–1818)

Seminole Chief, Seminole Camp, near Fort Clark, Texas. (Circa. 1876–1879)

Network to Freedom Trail sign commemorating hundreds of black Seminoles who escaped from Cape Florida in the early 1820s to the Bahamas.

They are mostly blood descendants of the Seminole people, free Africans, and escaped slaves, who allied with Seminole groups in Spanish Florida.

East Florida

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Excerpt of 1803 map by John Cary showing East and West Florida, limited by the United States' claim to part of Spain-controlled West Florida.

Map of East and West Florida in 1819, the year that Spain ceded Florida to the United States by the Adams–Onís Treaty (ratified 1821)

"Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the Suwanee River into West Florida and East Florida."—University of Florida

East Florida (Florida Oriental) was a colony of Great Britain from 1763 to 1783 and a province of Spanish Florida from 1783 to 1821.

The Bahamas

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Country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic.

A depiction of Columbus's first landing, claiming possession of the New World for the Crown of Castile in caravels; the Niña and the Pinta, on Watling Island, an island of the Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador, on 12 October 1492.

Continental Marines land at New Providence during the Battle of Nassau in 1776

Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in The Bahamas

The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945

The Bahamas used to be a Crown colony until it gained independence in 1973

Hurricane Dorian's destruction in the Bahamas

The Bahamas map of Köppen climate classification.

Dean's Blue Hole in Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas.

The Bahamian Parliament, located in Nassau

Bahamian Prime Minister Hubert Minnis with US President Donald Trump on 22 March 2019

A proportional representation of The Bahamas' exports in 2019.

Leonard M. Thompson International Airport

Demographics of Bahamas, data of FAO; number of inhabitants in thousands

Afro-Bahamian children at a local school

White Bahamians on the island of New Providence

Later, in April 1783, on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom (later to become King William IV) to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida, which would still have to conquer the city of St. Augustine, Florida in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga; after that, also in 1784, the Bahamas would be declared a British colony.

Portrait by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, c. undefined 1835

Andrew Jackson

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American lawyer, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

Young Jackson Refusing to Clean Major Coffin's Boots (1876 lithograph)

Notice of reward offered by Jackson for return of an enslaved man

General Andrew Jackson as pictured in Harper's Magazine, Vol 28, "War with the Creek Indians", page 605, 1864

In the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the Muscogee surrendered large parts of present-day Alabama and Georgia.

General Andrew Jackson by John Wesley Jarvis, c. undefined 1819

The Battle of New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.

Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, painted by Thomas Sully in 1845 from an earlier portrait he had completed from life in 1824

Trial of Robert Ambrister during the Seminole War. Ambrister was one of two British subjects executed by General Jackson. (1848)

Teracotta bust of General Jackson by William Rush, 1819

Jackson in 1824, painted by Thomas Sully

President Andrew Jackson
New York: Ritchie & Co. (1860)

Jackson's Indian Removal Act and subsequent treaties resulted in the forced removal of the major tribes of the Southeast from their traditional territories, many along the Trail of Tears.

William C. Rives, Jackson's Minister to France, successfully negotiated a reparations treaty with France in 1831.

1833 Democratic cartoon shows Jackson destroying the "Devil's Bank"

Richard Lawrence's attempt on Jackson's life, as depicted in an 1835 etching

USS Porpoise (1836), a brig ship laid down in 1835 and launched in May 1836; used in the U.S. Exploring Expedition

A New York newspaper blamed the Panic of 1837 on Andrew Jackson, depicted in spectacles and top hat.

Mezzotint after a Daguerreotype of Jackson by Mathew Brady, April 15, 1845

Tennessee Gentleman, portrait of Jackson, c. 1831, from the collection of The Hermitage

Andrew Jackson as Grand Master of Tennessee, 1822

Equestrian statue of Jackson, Jackson County Courthouse, Kansas City, Missouri, commissioned by Judge Harry S. Truman

The tomb of Andrew and Rachel Jackson located at The Hermitage

He seems to have been planning a military operation to conquer Spanish Florida and drive the Spanish from Texas.

A depiction of Moore during the Apalachee massacre in the Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park

James Moore (governor)

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James Moore (c.

He is best known for leading several invasions of Spanish Florida during Queen Anne's War, including attacks in 1704 and 1706 which wiped out most of the Spanish missions in Florida.

Captaincy General of Cuba

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Administrative district of the Spanish Empire created in 1607 as part of Habsburg Spain's attempt to better defend and administer its Caribbean possessions.

Havana after the successful British siege in 1762

Coat of arms of the Captaincy General of Cuba (Savoyard rule, 1870 – 1873)

Royal Arms of Spain<ref>Zamora y Coronado, José María (1846). Biblioteca de Legislación Ultramarina (Vol. 5). Madrid: Imprenta de J. Martín Alegría. p. 105.</ref><ref>Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía (1993). Pendón de la Banda. Madrid: Instituto de España. p. 44.</ref>{{NoteTag|As depicted on the main portal of the Palace of the Captains General in Havana, arms in use until the transfer of the island to the US}}

The changes included adding the provinces of Florida and Louisiana and granting more autonomy to these provinces.

Guale

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Historic Native American chiefdom of Mississippian culture peoples located along the coast of present-day Georgia and the Sea Islands.

Yamasee Indian who was martyred in La Florida in 1740.

Spanish Florida established its Roman Catholic missionary system in the chiefdom in the late 16th century.

Louisiana Purchase

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The acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803.

1804 map of "Louisiana", bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountains

The future president James Monroe as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France helped Robert R. Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase

The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase

Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904)

Issue of 1953, commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing

Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans, marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States, December 20, 1803, as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup

The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S.

Plan of Fort Madison, built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase, drawn 1810

Louisiana Purchase territory shown as American Indian land in Gratiot's map of the defences of the western & north-western frontier, 1837.

Share issued by Hope & Co. in 1804 to finance the Louisiana Purchase.

Also, Spain's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible.

African Americans

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Ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa.

Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia, illustration from 1670

The first slave auction at New Amsterdam in 1655, illustration from 1895 by Howard Pyle

Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1769

Crispus Attucks, the first "martyr" of the American Revolution. He was of Native American and African-American descent.

Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia, 1853. Note the new clothes. The domestic slave trade broke up many families, and individuals lost their connection to families and clans.

A group of White men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the Black victim Will Brown who had been lynched and had his body mutilated and burned during the Omaha race riot of 1919 in Omaha, Nebraska. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S.

Rosa Parks being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a White person

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders

Black Lives Matter protest in response to the fatal shooting of Philando Castile in July 2016

Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census

U.S. Census map indicating U.S. counties with fewer than 25 Black or African-American inhabitants

Graph showing the percentage of the African-American population living in the American South, 1790–2010. Note the major declines between 1910 and 1940 and 1940–1970, and the reverse trend post-1970. Nonetheless, the absolute majority of the African-American population has always lived in the American South.

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson is director of New York City's Hayden Planetarium

The US homeownership rate according to race

This graph shows the real median US household income by race: 1967 to 2011, in 2011 dollars.

"Lift Every Voice and Sing" being sung by the family of Barack Obama, Smokey Robinson and others in the White House in 2014

Genetic clustering of 128 African Americans, by Zakharaia et al. (2009). Each vertical bar represents an individual. The color scheme of the bar plot matches that in the PCA plot.

Al Sharpton led the Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks protest on August 28, 2020.

Although the ban on interracial marriage ended in California in 1948, entertainer Sammy Davis Jr. faced a backlash for his involvement with a White woman in 1957

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. remains the most prominent political leader in the American civil rights movement and perhaps the most influential African-American political figure in general.

BET founder Robert L. Johnson with former U.S. President George W. Bush

A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken with macaroni and cheese, collard greens, breaded fried okra and cornbread

Mount Zion United Methodist Church is the oldest African-American congregation in Washington, D.C.

Masjid Malcolm Shabazz in Harlem, New York City

This parade float displayed the word "Afro-Americans" in 1911.

Michelle Obama was the First Lady of the United States; she and her husband, President Barack Obama, are the first African Americans to hold these positions.

Racially segregated Negro section of keypunch operators at the US Census Bureau

In the Spanish Florida some Spanish married or had unions with Pensacola, Creek or African women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of mestizos and mulattos.

17th century engraving of Ponce de León (unauthenticated)

Juan Ponce de León

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Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition to Florida and for serving as the first governor of Puerto Rico.