A report on Spanish Florida

Spanish Florida after Pinckney's Treaty in 1795
Narváez expedition in 1528, Apalachee Bay.
Florida from the 1502 Cantino planisphere
Juan Ponce de León claimed Florida for Spain in 1513
An excerpt from the British–American Mitchell Map, showing northern Spanish Florida, the old mission road from St. Augustine to St. Mark's, and text describing the Carolinian raids of 1702–1706.
The expanded West Florida territory in 1767.
Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the Suwannee River into West Florida and East Florida. (map: Carey & Lea, 1822)

The first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery.

- Spanish Florida

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Jacksonville, Florida

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City located on the Atlantic coast of Florida, the most populous city in the state, and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020.

City located on the Atlantic coast of Florida, the most populous city in the state, and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020.

Replica of Jean Ribault's column claiming Florida for France in 1562
Northeast Florida showing Cow Ford (center) from Bernard Romans' 1776 map of Florida
Section of a light battery by the St. Johns River during the Civil War
Ruins of the courthouse and armory from the Great Fire of 1901
Downtown Jacksonville in 1914
Crowd gathered for a campaign speech from Richard Nixon in Hemming Park, in October 1960
News of Jacksonville's consolidation from The Florida Times-Union
Friendship Fountain and view of downtown Jacksonville in 1982
Satellite photo of Jacksonville
Kingsley Plantation, located within the Timucuan Preserve
Hanna Park
Memorial Park
Map of racial distribution in Jacksonville, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, built in 1887, is one of Jacksonville's oldest churches.
CSX Transportation Building serves as headquarters for CSX Corporation.
Bank of America Tower on Laura Street
Container ship at Port of Jacksonville
The Florida Times-Union Building
Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet at Naval Air Station Jacksonville
USS Bataan (LHD-5) at Naval Station Mayport
Gator Bowl Stadium, now TIAA Bank Field, where the annual Gator Bowl has taken place since 1946
Hemming Park hosts a variety of cultural events throughout the year.
Motion picture scene at Gaumont Studios, 1910
Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens
Museum of Science and History
The XX performing at the Florida Theatre
The Star-Spangled Banner performed before a Jacksonville Jaguars game at TIAA Bank Field.
St. James Building, currently housing Jacksonville City Hall
Lenny Curry, the current Mayor of Jacksonville
Duval County Public Schools headquarters
Jacksonville Main Library
The Dames Point Bridge (officially the Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Bridge) is a cable-stayed bridge over the St. Johns River. Construction began in 1985 and was completed in 1989.
Jacksonville Skyway
CSX 5508 ready to put office car on Silver Meteor
Jacksonville International Airport
JEA headquarters in downtown Jacksonville
Landing pad at Baptist Medical Center Downtown
Laura Street Trio (1902-1912)
The Carling (1925)
11 East Forsyth (1926)
Eight Forty One (1955)
Riverplace Tower (1967)
Wells Fargo Center (1974)
TIAA Bank Center (1983)
Bank of America Tower (1990)
LaVilla
Brooklyn
Northbank
Southbank
Springfield
San Marco
Southside
Northside
Eastside and Arlington
Ortega
Riverside and Avondale
Tallulah-North Shore
University of North Florida
Jacksonville University
Florida State College at Jacksonville
Florida Coastal School of Law
Edward Waters College
I-95 passing by downtown Jacksonville
Acosta Bridge
Mathews Bridge
Fuller Warren Bridge
Main St Bridge
Hart Bridge
Dames Point Bridge
Buckman Bridge

A platted town was established there in 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.

Map of European colonies in America, 1702

Queen Anne's War

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The second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain.

The second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain.

Map of European colonies in America, 1702
Philip of Anjou proclaimed as the King of Spain in November 1700. A dispute over his succession led to war between the Grand Alliance and the Bourbon alliance.
Stone fortifications of Port Royal, Acadia, 1702. Few settlements had stone fortification at the start of the war.
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sought to establish a relationship with natives in the Mississippi watershed as a result of the last war with England.
New French raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts in February, 1704
In June 1704, a force of 500 New Englanders raided the settlement of Grand-Pré, defended by the Acadian and Mi'kmaq militia.
The evacuation of French forces from Port Royal after the English captured the settlement. The fall of Port Royal ended French control over the eastern peninsula of Acadia.
Hendrick Tejonihokarawa, a Mohawk chief, was successful in gaining support from Anne, Queen of Great Britain, to launch an expedition to take Quebec City.
In 1705, Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, the Governor of Plaisance, led a French and Mi'kmaq expedition against English settlements in Newfoundland.
Map of European colonies in North America. Areas in purple were territories France ceded to England in the Treaty of Utrecht, the peace treaty that concluded the war.
Shortly after the war, the French established the Fortress of Louisbourg. The fortified settlement was located to the north of the ceded Acadian territory, on Cape Breton Island.
The Battle of Norridgewock during Dummer's War, August 1724. After portions of Acadia were ceded, the British faced resistance from Abenaki and Mi'kmaq tribes.

1) In the south, Spanish Florida and the English Province of Carolina attacked one another, and English colonists engaged French colonists based at Fort Louis de la Louisiane (near present-day Mobile, Alabama), with Indian bands allied on each side. The southern war did not result in significant territorial changes, but it resulted in seriously decimating the Indian population of Spanish Florida and parts of southern Georgia, with destruction of the network of Spanish missions in Florida.

Trade map of the West Indies and North America during the war, 1741

War of Jenkins' Ear

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Conflict between Britain and Spain lasting from 1739 to 1748, mainly in New Granada and among the West Indies of the Caribbean Sea, with major operations largely ended by 1742.

Conflict between Britain and Spain lasting from 1739 to 1748, mainly in New Granada and among the West Indies of the Caribbean Sea, with major operations largely ended by 1742.

Trade map of the West Indies and North America during the war, 1741
Trade map of the West Indies and North America during the war, 1741
1740 English map of Havana, published to build support for the war
The establishment of Georgia in 1733 raised tensions by threatening Spanish possessions in the Caribbean Basin.
Ruins of the fortress of San Jeronimo, Portobelo
Spanish Admiral Don Blas de Lezo 1741
Fortress of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres
Castillo San Felipe de Barajas (Cartagena). This (then incomplete) fortress was integral to Spain's effort to maintain the link with its colonies via the Atlantic sea lanes.
British operations in the Caribbean Sea during the War of Jenkins' Ear
George Anson's capture of the Manila galleon, painted by Samuel Scott before 1772
Commodore Charles Knowles in armour, one hand gestures to fortifications and a burning ship
A monument in Georgia commemorating the Battle of Bloody Marsh

Tensions increased after the founding of the British colony of Georgia in 1732, which Spain considered a threat to Spanish Florida, vital to protect shipping routes with mainland Spain.

Florida counties that may be included in the Panhandle; the eastern extent of the Panhandle is arbitrarily defined and may vary

Florida Panhandle

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Northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida; it is a strip of land roughly 200 mi long and 50 to 100 mi wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.

Northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida; it is a strip of land roughly 200 mi long and 50 to 100 mi wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.

Florida counties that may be included in the Panhandle; the eastern extent of the Panhandle is arbitrarily defined and may vary
U.S. Coast Survey map or nautical chart of St. George Sound, Florida, the coast part of Tate's Hell State Forest, just southwest of Tallahassee, along the Florida Panhandle (1859)
Location of Florida's Emerald Coast
Beach in Destin
Florida's Forgotten Coast

In 1811, while Florida was still a Spanish possession, American settlers in the territory sent a petition to Congress asking to be incorporated into the Mississippi Territory, which at that time included present-day Alabama. (See West Florida article.)

Estimated extent of Tocobaga influence at first contact with Spanish explorers

Tocobaga

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The name of a chiefdom, its chief, and its principal town during the 16th century.

The name of a chiefdom, its chief, and its principal town during the 16th century.

Estimated extent of Tocobaga influence at first contact with Spanish explorers

The Tampa Bay area was visited by Spanish explorers during the Spanish Florida period in Florida.

Mississippi River

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Second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.

Second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.

The beginning of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca (2004)
Former head of navigation, St. Anthony Falls, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, viewed from Wyalusing State Park in Wisconsin
The Upper Mississippi River at its confluence with the Missouri River north of St. Louis
The confluence of the Mississippi (left) and Ohio (right) rivers at Cairo, Illinois, the demarcation between the Middle and the Lower Mississippi River
Lower Mississippi River near New Orleans
Map of the Mississippi River watershed
Sequence of NASA MODIS images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi (arrows) into the Gulf of Mexico (2004)
View along the former riverbed at the Tennessee/Arkansas state line near Reverie, Tennessee (2007)
In Minnesota, the Mississippi River runs through the Twin Cities (2007)
Community of boathouses on the Mississippi River in Winona, MN (2006)
The Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks just north of St. Louis (2005)
A low-water dam deepens the pool above the Chain of Rocks Lock near St. Louis (2006)
The Stone Arch Bridge, the Third Avenue Bridge and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis (2004)
The Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge (2004)
The Chain of Rocks Bridge at St. Louis, Missouri
The Hernando de Soto Bridge in Memphis, Tennessee (2009)
Vicksburg Bridge
Towboat and barges at Memphis, Tennessee
Ships on the lower part of the Mississippi
Oil tanker on the Lower Mississippi near the Port of New Orleans
Barge on the Lower Mississippi River
Lock and Dam No. 11, north of Dubuque, Iowa (2007)
Lock and Dam No. 2, near Hastings, Minnesota (2007)
Lock and Dam No. 15, is the largest roller dam in the world Davenport, Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois. (1990)
Formation of the Atchafalaya River and construction of the Old River Control Structure.
Project design flood flow capacity for the Mississippi river in thousands of cubic feet per second.
Soldiers of the Missouri Army National Guard sandbag the River in Clarksville, Missouri, June 2008, following flooding.
Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto A.D. 1541 by William Henry Powell depicts Hernando de Soto and Spanish Conquistadores seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.
Map of the French settlements (blue) in North America in 1750, before the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763).
Ca. 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet's 1673 expedition.
Route of the Marquette-Jolliete Expedition of 1673
A Home on the Mississippi (1871)
Shifting sand bars made early navigation difficult.
Battle of Vicksburg (ca. 1888)
Mississippi River from Eunice, Arkansas, a settlement destroyed by gunboats during the Civil War.
Campsite at the river in Arkansas
The Old River Control Structure complex. View is to the east-southeast, looking downriver on the Mississippi, with the three dams across channels of the Atchafalaya River to the right of the Mississippi. Concordia Parish, Louisiana is in the foreground, on the right, and Wilkinson County, Mississippi, is in the background, across the Mississippi on the left.
Great River Road in Wisconsin near Lake Pepin (2005)
The American paddlefish is an ancient relict from the Mississippi
The source of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca

Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, which the British occupied during the war.

Tequesta

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The Tequesta (also Tekesta, Tegesta, Chequesta, Vizcaynos) were a Native American tribe.

The Tequesta (also Tekesta, Tegesta, Chequesta, Vizcaynos) were a Native American tribe.

Bronze statue of a Tequesta warrior and his family on the Brickell Avenue Bridge. Sculpture was created by Manuel Carbonell.

The Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors by the time that Spanish Florida was traded to the British, who then established the area as part of the province of East Florida.

Eastman Johnson's A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves, 1863, Brooklyn Museum

Fugitive slaves in the United States

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In the United States, fugitive slaves or runaway slaves were terms used in the 18th and 19th century to describe enslaved people who fled slavery.

In the United States, fugitive slaves or runaway slaves were terms used in the 18th and 19th century to describe enslaved people who fled slavery.

Eastman Johnson's A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves, 1863, Brooklyn Museum
An animation showing the free/slave status of U.S. states and territories, 1789–1861 (see separate yearly maps below). The American Civil War began in 1861. The 13th Amendment, effective December 1865, abolished slavery in the U.S.
Runaway slave poster
Fugitive slave Gordon during his 1863 medical examination in a Union camp.

Generally, they tried to reach states or territories where slavery was banned, including Canada, or, until 1821, Spanish Florida.

Province of Carolina

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Province of England and Great Britain (1707–1712) that existed in North America and the Caribbean from 1663 until partitioned into North and South on January 24, 1712.

Province of England and Great Britain (1707–1712) that existed in North America and the Caribbean from 1663 until partitioned into North and South on January 24, 1712.

An orthographic projection of the world, highlighting Carolina (green).
The Province of Carolina before and after the split into north and south
Map of Carolina (1676)

The King intended for the newly created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and prevent their northward expansion.

Province of Georgia

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One of the Southern colonies in British America.

One of the Southern colonies in British America.

Map of the Province of Georgia, 1732–1782
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Savannah colony, 18th century

Another reason for the founding of the colony was as a buffer state and a "garrison province" which would defend the southern British colonies from Spanish Florida.