A report on Spanish Florida

Spanish Florida after Pinckney's Treaty in 1795
Narváez expedition in 1528, Apalachee Bay.
Florida from the 1502 Cantino planisphere
Juan Ponce de León claimed Florida for Spain in 1513
An excerpt from the British–American Mitchell Map, showing northern Spanish Florida, the old mission road from St. Augustine to St. Mark's, and text describing the Carolinian raids of 1702–1706.
The expanded West Florida territory in 1767.
Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the Suwannee River into West Florida and East Florida. (map: Carey & Lea, 1822)

The first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery.

- Spanish Florida

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Dominique de Gourgues

Dominique de Gourgues

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French nobleman and soldier.

French nobleman and soldier.

Dominique de Gourgues
View of Fort Caroline
Floride française ("French Florida"), by Pierre du Val, 17th century.

He is best known for leading an attack against Spanish Florida in 1568, in response to the destruction of the French Fort Caroline.

Detail from a 1733 map showing the North American coastline between Charles Town and St. Augustine

Siege of St. Augustine (1702)

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The siege of St. Augustine occurred in Queen Anne's War during November and December 1702.

The siege of St. Augustine occurred in Queen Anne's War during November and December 1702.

Detail from a 1733 map showing the North American coastline between Charles Town and St. Augustine
View from the castillo over the harbor area
Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville planned a 1706 expedition against Carolina

It was conducted by English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies, under the command of governor of Carolina James Moore, against the Spanish colonial fortress of Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine, in Spanish Florida.

Thirteen Colonies

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The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America.

The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America.

The Thirteen Colonies (shown in red) in 1775, with modern borders overlaid
Thirteen Colonies of North America: Dark Red = New England colonies. Bright Red = Middle Atlantic colonies. Red-brown = Southern colonies.
1584 map of the east coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Cape Lookout, drawn by the English colonial governor, explorer, artist, and cartographer John White. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was established here in 1607.
The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies. The overlapping area (yellow) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 mi of each other. The location of early settlements is shown. J: Jamestown; Q: Quebec; Po: Popham; R: Port Royal; SA: St. Augustine.
New Netherland: 17th-century Dutch claims in areas that later became English colonies are shown in red and yellow. (Present U.S. states in gray.) The English colonies of New York (NY), New Jersey (NJ), Pennsylvania (PA) and Delaware (DE) are referred to as the 'middle colonies'.
Territorial changes following the French and Indian War; land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red, land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink
Join, or Die. by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule.
Map of the Thirteen Colonies (red) and nearby colonial areas (1763–1775) just before the Revolutionary War
Map of higher education in the 13 Colonies immediately prior to the American Revolution.

Britain also gained Spanish Florida, from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida.

Aerial view of Castillo De San Marcos

Castillo de San Marcos

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Oldest masonry fort in the continental United States; it is located on the western shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St. Augustine, Florida.

Oldest masonry fort in the continental United States; it is located on the western shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St. Augustine, Florida.

Aerial view of Castillo De San Marcos
Aerial view photo taken from northwest. Although the fort had a water-filled moat at the time, it was originally a dry moat.
Construction plan of the Castillo de San Marcos from 1677
The barrels of cannons deployed on the terreplein project outward through multiple embrasures located along the curtain wall between San Pedro and San Agustín bastions. To the left of center is the sallyport—the only entrance to the fort, reached via drawbridge from the ravelin, which is located within the moat.
View of the Plaza de Armas within Castillo de San Marcos
Interior vaulted ceiling.
The tallest watchtower at the fort is at the corner facing the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean.
The San Pablo Bastion at night
Reenactment of Spanish soldiers firing cannons.
Hotshot furnace used to heat cannonballs to shoot at wooden enemy ships.
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National Park Service brochure showing an exploded view drawing of fort.
Apache prisoners at Ft. Marion
Castillo de San Marcos map
Entrance to fort, Civil War era
Entrance to fort, Sally port, Civil War era
Captain Pratt with Native American captives at Fort Marion
Howling Wolf, of the southern Cheyenne, photographed while imprisoned at Fort Marion
The north wall of the Castillo
Castillo De San Marcos from the west, looking east.
Fort Marion, St. Augustine and harbor, 1898
The side of Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, FL.
A picture of a cannon on Castillo de San Marcos
alt=|Interior Graffiti
alt=|Interior Graffiti

It was designed by the Spanish engineer Ignacio Daza, with construction beginning in 1672, 107 years after the city's founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, when Florida was part of the Spanish Empire.

Overview map of the Yamasee War

Yamasee War

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Conflict fought in South Carolina from 1715–1717 between British settlers from the Province of Carolina and the Yamasee and a number of other allied Native American peoples, including the Muscogee, Cherokee, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, and others.

Conflict fought in South Carolina from 1715–1717 between British settlers from the Province of Carolina and the Yamasee and a number of other allied Native American peoples, including the Muscogee, Cherokee, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, and others.

Overview map of the Yamasee War
A c. 1724 English copy of a deerskin Catawba map of the tribes between Charleston (left) and Virginia (right) following the Yamasee War.

Factors included the trading system, trader abuses, the Indian slave trade, the depletion of deer, increasing Indian debts in contrast to increasing wealth among some colonists, the spread of rice plantation agriculture, French power in Louisiana offering an alternative to British trade, long-established Indian links to Spanish Florida, power struggles among Indian groups, and recent experiences in military collaboration among previously distant tribes.

Image of Roberto, Yamasee Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1740)

Yamasee

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The Yamasees (also spelled Yamassees or Yemassees ) were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida.

The Yamasees (also spelled Yamassees or Yemassees ) were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida.

Image of Roberto, Yamasee Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1740)

The Yamasees usually did not convert to Christianity and remained somewhat separated from the Catholic Christian Indians of Spanish Florida.

The Capture of Havana, 1762, Storming of Morro Castle, 30 July, Dominic Serres

Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)

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Military conflict fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War.

Military conflict fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War.

The Capture of Havana, 1762, Storming of Morro Castle, 30 July, Dominic Serres
Ricardo Wall managed to keep Spain out of the war, but lost power when Charles III became king.
The Captured Spanish Fleet at Havana
Map of the British conquest of Manila 1762

By the Treaty of Paris, Spain handed over Florida and Menorca to Britain and returned territories in Portugal and Brazil to Portugal in exchange for the British handing back Havana and Manila.

Bust of Cabeza de Vaca

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

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Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition.

Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition.

Bust of Cabeza de Vaca
Coat of Arms of Cabeza de Vaca from the Archivo de Indias, Sevilla, Spain. Reprinted in The Odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca by Morris Bishop. New York: The Century Co., 1933.
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A plaque commemorating Cabeza de Vaca as the first European to see the Iguazu Falls
Title page from a 1555 edition of La relacion y comentarios del gobernador Aluar Nuñez Cabeca de Vaca

In 1527, Cabeza de Vaca appeared at the royal court in Valladolid and received an appointment as royal treasurer for an expedition to be led by conquistador Pánfilo de Narváez to explore and conquer La Florida, a portion of North America roughly comprising today's southeastern United States.

A proposed route for the first leg of the de Soto Expedition, based on Charles M. Hudson map of 1997

Anhaica

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The principal town of the Apalachee people, located in what is now Tallahassee, Florida.

The principal town of the Apalachee people, located in what is now Tallahassee, Florida.

A proposed route for the first leg of the de Soto Expedition, based on Charles M. Hudson map of 1997

In the early period of Spanish colonization, it was the capital of the Apalachee Province.

Bernardo de Gálvez at the siege of Pensacola, painting by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau

Spain and the American Revolutionary War

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Important role in the independence of the United States, as part of its conflict with Britain.

Important role in the independence of the United States, as part of its conflict with Britain.

Bernardo de Gálvez at the siege of Pensacola, painting by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau
Statue of the Viscount of Galveston in Málaga
North American borders proposed by the Spanish diplomacy near the end of the American Revolutionary War, August 3rd, 1782

Other goals included the reconquest of Florida (which the British had divided into West Florida and East Florida in 1763), and the resolution of logging disputes involving the British in Belize.