A report on Stelling van Amsterdam

Stelling van Amsterdam
Fort south of Spaarndam.
Muizenfort in Muiden.
Fortifications on Pampus island.

135 km ring of fortifications around Amsterdam.

- Stelling van Amsterdam
Stelling van Amsterdam

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Haarlemmermeer

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Municipality in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.

Municipality in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.

Topographic map of Haarlemmermeer, June 2015
Historic map of the Haarlemmermeer before reclamation.
Pumping Station Cruquius
Lijnden
Cruquiusmuseum entrance, taken from Cruquiusmuseum park
TransPort Building - Houses the head offices of Martinair and Transavia.com
Calatrava bridge - Cittern
Schiphol Airport
Boardroom of the local government in Hoofddorp
Hendrik Colijn, 1925
Tineke Netelenbos, 2015
Fanny Blankers-Koen, 1988

Stelling van Amsterdam – the old defense line of Amsterdam crosses the Haarlemmermeer. Plans are being made to make this entire defense line walkable, but currently it is not possible to cross the major highway A4 that goes through it. This park is accessible at various points for recreation, including the Haarlemmermeer Woods.

Amsterdam

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Capital and most populous city of the Netherlands; with a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area.

Capital and most populous city of the Netherlands; with a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area.

The Oude Kerk was consecrated in 1306 AD.
Amsterdam citizens celebrating the Peace of Münster, 30 January 1648. Painting by Bartholomeus van der Helst
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange by Emanuel de Witte, 1653. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange was the first stock exchange to introduce continuous trade in the early 17th century.
View of Vijzelstraat looking towards the Muntplein, 1891
Photochrom of Amsterdam's Dam Square at the beginning of the 20th century
The rebuilt Magere Brug, around 1938.
People celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands at the end of World War II on 8 May 1945
The 17th-century Canals of Amsterdam were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2010, contributing to Amsterdam's fame as the "Venice of the North". Along with De Wallen, the canals are the focal-point for tourists in the city.
Satellite picture of Amsterdam and North Sea Canal
Topographic map of Amsterdam
Large-scale map of the city centre of Amsterdam, including sightseeing markers,.
Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk, Amsterdam-Noord, winter 2010
The Westerkerk in the Centrum borough, one of Amsterdam's best-known churches
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A 1538 painting by Cornelis Anthonisz showing a bird's-eye view of Amsterdam. The famous Grachtengordel had not yet been established.
Rokin – November 1977
Herengracht
Prinsengracht
The Egelantiersgracht lies west of the Grachtengordel, in the Jordaan neighbourhood.
The Scheepvaarthuis, by architects Johan van der Mey, Michel de Klerk, Piet Kramer is characteristic of the architecture of the Amsterdam School.
The Begijnhof is one of the oldest hofjes in Amsterdam.
The Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam and Conservatorium van Amsterdam, two examples of 21st-century architecture in the centre of the city
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world
The Zuidas, the city's main business district
Boats give tours of the city, such as this one in front of the EYE Film Institute Netherlands.
Spiegelgracht
De Wallen, Amsterdam's Red-light district, offers activities such as legal prostitution and a number of coffee shops that sell cannabis. It is one of the main tourist attractions.
An Amsterdammer waits for a traffic light to change at the Muntplein in the heart of Amsterdam.
The Rijksmuseum houses Rembrandt's The Night Watch.
The Van Gogh Museum houses the world's largest collection of Van Gogh's paintings and letters.
The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam is an international museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art and design.
Rembrandt monument on Rembrandtplein
Coldplay performing at the Amsterdam Arena, 2016
The Concertgebouw or Royal Concert Hall houses performances of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and other musical events.
Stadsschouwburg, Amsterdam's best-known theatre
One of the decorated boats participating in the 2013 Canal Parade of the Amsterdam Gay Pride
AFC Ajax player Johan Cruyff, 1967
Femke Halsema has been the Mayor of Amsterdam since 2018.
Boroughs of Amsterdam
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Police headquarters of Amsterdam
King Willem-Alexander, Princess Beatrix, and Queen Máxima greeting Amsterdammers from the Royal Palace of Amsterdam during Willem-Alexanders inauguration in 2013
A tram crossing the Keizersgracht
The Amsterdam Metro is a mixed subway and above ground rapid transit system consisting of five lines.
Amsterdam Centraal station, the city's main train station
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ranks as Europe's third-busiest airport for passenger traffic.
Police bicyclist crossing a bridge over the Prinsengracht
Bicyclist at Amsterdam
The Agnietenkapel Gate at the University of Amsterdam, founded in 1632 as the Athenaeum Illustre

The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

View of the ringvaart north of Cruquius looking further north towards the location of the info board

Ringvaart

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Canal in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands.

Canal in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands.

View of the ringvaart north of Cruquius looking further north towards the location of the info board
The aqueduct over the A4 Highway
Just north of geniedijk, view east of ringvaart aqueduct over Zuid Tangent bus line

The Ringvaart, the Cruquius Pump House, the dike itself, and various other components such as aqueducts, bridges and defense bunkers located south of the dike of the Stelling van Amsterdam (Defense line of Amsterdam) are considered a World Heritage Site.

view of the fort from above, taken from the information board in front of the complex. The ringvaart is visible in the lower right-hand corner.

Fort Vijfhuizen

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view of the fort from above, taken from the information board in front of the complex. The ringvaart is visible in the lower right-hand corner.
View of the geniedijk, looking southwest from fort Vijfhuizen
View of bunkers, representing fore position of fort Vijfhuizen
View of the road crossing the bunkers of fort Cruquius, the secondmost fore position of fort Vijfhuizen (seen from below the dike looking up towards the ringvaart. The trees are on the Heemstede side of the canal).
Old aerial photo of the fort and surroundings along the ringvaart canal

Fort Vijfhuizen is one of forty-two forts in the Defense Line of Amsterdam (Dutch: stelling van Amsterdam), a World Heritage Site.

Major Dutch defence lines in 1940

National redoubt

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Area to which the forces of a nation can be withdrawn if the main battle has been lost or even earlier if defeat is considered inevitable.

Area to which the forces of a nation can be withdrawn if the main battle has been lost or even earlier if defeat is considered inevitable.

Major Dutch defence lines in 1940
Plan of the Defence lines of the Swiss National Redoubt
The Chinese Nationalists relocated to the island of Taiwan after the Civil War.

Until 1920, the "Fortress Amsterdam" was the national redoubt of the Netherlands.

One of the inundation sluices near Utrecht

Dutch Water Line

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Series of water-based defences conceived by Maurice of Nassau in the early 17th century, and realised by his half brother Frederick Henry.

Series of water-based defences conceived by Maurice of Nassau in the early 17th century, and realised by his half brother Frederick Henry.

One of the inundation sluices near Utrecht
Map of the Old Waterline
Aerial view of the fortified town of Naarden; with a good view of the star-shaped layout of the earth bastions, designed in the early gunpowder age to place outward guns to force an enemy to keep distance and thus to protect the town proper against shelling
Map of the New Waterline
Concrete shelters at Fort Ruigenhoek
Inundation area near fort Ruigenhoek
Fort Rhijnauwen view from the Vossegatsedijk

Due to the unique nature of the line, the Dutch government considered whether to nominate the whole defensive line as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as they did with the ring of fortresses around Amsterdam.

Overview of the Dutch defence lines in 1940

Defence lines of the Netherlands

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Upper German Limes Limes Germanicus

Upper German Limes Limes Germanicus

Overview of the Dutch defence lines in 1940
Stelling van Amsterdam
Oude Nederlandse waterlinie
Nieuwe Nederlandse waterlinie
Stelling van het Hollands Diep en Volkerak
West Brabantse waterlinie
Grebbelinie
Peel-Raamstelling
Circumvallatielinie van Groenlo
Atlantikwall

Defence Line of Amsterdam (Stelling van Amsterdam)

Fort aan den Ham

Fort aan den Ham

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Fort aan den Ham

The Fort along Den Ham is a fort that is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site of the Stelling van Amsterdam.

Pampus island prior to restoration in 2004

Pampus

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Artificial island and late 19th-century sea fort located in the IJmeer near Amsterdam.

Artificial island and late 19th-century sea fort located in the IJmeer near Amsterdam.

Pampus island prior to restoration in 2004
Diemer seawall
Gardner M90 machine gun on field mount

Pampus was part of the Defence Line of Amsterdam (Dutch: Stelling van Amsterdam).

Vuurtoreneiland

Vuurtoreneiland

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Small island in the IJmeer, Netherlands, just off the coast of Durgerdam.

Small island in the IJmeer, Netherlands, just off the coast of Durgerdam.

Vuurtoreneiland

Then, in 1809, the island was equipped with a military post, which, in 1844, was expanded to a real fort, which, in 1883, became a part of the Stelling van Amsterdam.