A report on Textile

Handmade floral patterns on textiles, The production of textiles which were initially artisanal work, has grown into a vast field today that includes the production of fibers, yarns, fabrics, and various fibrous products for different domestic and industrial usages.

In textile production, longitudinal yarns are referred to as warp and are interlaced with weft or filing yarns to create a woven fabric.

A replica draper's shop at the Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Lincoln, England

A baby wearing many items of soft winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, scarf and sweater

Technical textile is a branch of textile that focuses on the protection, safety and other functional performance attributes of textiles, unlike domestic textiles, where the primary focus is aesthetics and comfort., an EOD technician wearing a bomb suit Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) suit

Nonwoven geotextile bags are much more robust than woven bags of the same thickness.

Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns

thumb|Textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan

thumb|Magnified view of a plain or tabby weave textile

thumb|right|Fabric shop in canal town Mukalla, Yemen

thumb|Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection

thumb|Mrs. Condé Nast wearing a silk Fortuny tea gown

thumb|right|Textiles made from Alpaca wool at the Otavalo Artisan Market in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador

thumb|The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asia people of northwest Romblon.

thumb|right|A double ikat weaving made by the Tausug people from Sulu, made of banana leaf stalk fiber (Abacá)

thumb|right|Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market Teflon as a fabric treatment

thumb|A weaving shed of the Finlayson & Co factory in Tampere, Finland in 1932<ref>Doria-archive of the Finnish National Library{{full citation needed|date=October 2021}}</ref>

thumb|Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, Llanwrtyd, Wales in the 1940s

thumb|A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton

thumb|Woven tartan of Clan Campbell, Scotland

$thumb|Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nùñez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery methods<ref>Art-Gourds.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013043017/http://art-gourds.com/the_craft_embroideries/en|date=2008-10-13}} Traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods</ref>$

alt=|thumb|A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for colour fastness to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability

thumb|Appliqué cross. The edges are covered and stiches are hidden. It is overlaid with decorative gold thread.

thumb|Clothing made of textiles, Thailand

thumb|Close-up view of a Barong Tagalog made with piña fiber in the Philippines

thumb|A fabric tunnel in Moulvibazar District, Bangladesh.

Sample of calico printed with a six-colour machine by Walter Crum & Co., from Frederick Crace Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing (1878).

Umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics.

- Textile

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Yarn

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A fully restored Derby Doubler, winding a sliver lap ready for finisher carding at Quarry Bank Mill in the UK.

A Spinning Jenny, spinning machine which was significant in the beginning of the Industrial Revolution

A comparison of yarn weights (thicknesses): the top skein is aran weight, suitable for knitting a thick sweater or hat. The manufacturer's recommended knitting gauge appears on the label: 5 to 7 stitches per inch using size 4.5 to 5.1 mm needles. The bottom skein is sock weight, specifically for knitting socks. Recommended gauge: 8 to 10 stitches per inch, using size 3.6 to 4.2 mm needles.

Spool of all purpose sewing thread, closeup shows texture of 2-ply, Z-twist, mercerized cotton with polyester core.

Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum.

Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, or ropemaking.

Fiber

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Natural or man-made substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.

Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin: examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, abaca, piña, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and banana. Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of paper and textile (cloth), and dietary fiber is an important component of human nutrition.

Cotton

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Soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.

Cotton ready for harvest in Andhra, south India

Mehrgarh shown in a physical map of the surrounding region

Cotton plants as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century

A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin, 18th century

A group of Egyptian fellahs picking cotton by hand

Cotton bales at the port in Bombay, India, 1860s

Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse, Macon, Georgia, c. 1877

Cotton field at Singalandapuram, Rasipuram, India (2017)

Picking cotton in Armenia in the 1930s. No cotton is grown there today.

Cotton ready for shipment, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1911)

Hoeing a cotton field to remove weeds, Greene County, Georgia, US, 1941

Offloading freshly harvested cotton into a module builder in Texas; previously built modules can be seen in the background

Cotton being picked by hand in India, 2005

A display from a British cotton manufacturer of items used in a cotton mill during the Industrial Revolution

A bale of cotton on display at the Louisiana State Cotton Museum in Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana

Cotton fibers viewed under a scanning electron microscope

The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable, and durable textile.

Knitting

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Schematic of stockinette stitch, the most basic weft-knit fabric

Alternating wales of red and yellow knit stitches. Each stitch in a wale is suspended from the one above it.

Basic pattern of warp knitting. Parallel yarns zigzag lengthwise along the fabric, each loop securing a loop of an adjacent strand from the previous row.

A modern knitting machine in the process of weft knitting

In the knit stitch on the left, the next (red) loop passes through the previous (yellow) loop from below, whereas in the purl stitch (right), the next stitch enters from above. Thus, a knit stitch on one side of the fabric appears as a purl stitch on the other, and vice versa.

Two courses of red yarn illustrating two basic fabric types. The lower red course is knit into the white row below it and is itself knit on the next row; this produces 'stockinette' stitch. The upper red course is purled into the row below and then is knit, consistent with 'garter' stitch.

A dropped stitch, or missed stitch, is a common error that creates an extra loop to be fixed.

The stitches on the right are right-plaited, whereas the stitches on the left are left-plaited.

Within limits, an arbitrary number of twists may be added to new stitches, whether they be knit or purl. Here, a single twist is illustrated, with left-plaited and right-plaited stitches on the left and right, respectively.

Illustration of entrelac. The blue and white wales are parallel to each other, but both are perpendicular to the black and gold wales, resembling basket weaving.

Illustration of cable knitting. The central braid is formed from 2x2 ribbing in which the background is formed of purl stitches and the cables are each two wales of knit stitches. By changing the order in which the stitches are knit, the wales can be made to cross.

In lace knitting, the pattern is formed by making small, stable holes in the fabric, generally with yarn overs.

Close-up of back of stockinette stitch, also same appearance as reverse stockinette stitch

A woman in the process of hand knitting (1904)

A hank of wool yarn (center) is uncoiled into its basic loop. A tie is visible at the left; after untying, the hank may be wound into a ball or balls suitable for knitting. Knitting from a normal hank directly is likely to tangle the yarn, producing snarls.

Transformation of a hank of lavender silk yarn (top) into a ball in which the knitting yarn emerges from the center (bottom). The latter is better for knitting, since the yarn is much less likely to tangle.

Close-up of "Jitterbug" – knitted glass by Carol Milne

Knitting needles in a variety of sizes and materials. Different materials have varying amounts of friction, and are suitable for different yarn types.

Double-pointed knitting needles in various materials and sizes. They come in sets of four, five or six.

Circular knitting needles in different lengths, materials and sizes, including plastic, aluminum, steel and nickel-plated brass

Julia Hopson with world-record 3.5 meter (11'6") long knitting needles

Some ancillary tools used by hand-knitters. Starting from the bottom right are two crochet hooks, two stitch holders (like big blunt safety pins), and two cable needles in pink and green. On the left are a pair of scissors, a yarn needle, green and blue stitch markers, and two orange point protectors. At the top left are two blue point protectors, one on a red needle.

Drawing by Marguerite Martyn of two women and a child knitting for the war effort at a St. Louis, Missouri, Red Cross office in 1917

Some charities teach women to knit as a means of clothing their families or supporting themselves.

The earliest image of circular knitting, from the 15th century AD Buxtehude altarpiece

Knitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile, or fabric.

Nylon

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Generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers composed of polyamides .

Nylon stockings being inspected in Malmö, Sweden, in 1954

Close-up photograph of the knitted nylon fabric used in stockings

Nylon fibers visualized using scanning electron microscopy

Hydrogen bonding in Nylon 6,6 (in mauve)

These worn out nylon stockings will be reprocessed and made into parachutes for army fliers c. 1942

Blue Nylon fabric ball gown by Emma Domb, Science History Institute

Nylon polymers have found significant commercial applications in fabric and fibers (apparel, flooring and rubber reinforcement), in shapes (molded parts for cars, electrical equipment, etc.), and in films (mostly for food packaging).

Weaving

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A satin weave, common for silk, in which each warp thread floats over 16 weft threads

Weaving pattern cards used by Skye Weavers, Isle of Skye, Scotland

An indigenous woman of the Maya Tzutujil culture weaves using a back-strap loom.

Example of weaving characteristic of Andean civilizations

A woman weaving. Ukiyo-e woodblock print by Yōshū Chikanobu, 1890

By 1892, most cotton weaving was done in similar weaving sheds, powered by steam.

Pedal powered loom used by Skye Weavers, Isle of Skye, Scotland

thumb|Equipment for unraveling silk cocoons. Khotan

A traditional Vietnamese brocade and silk products weaver using a handloom

Contemporary Philippines weaver demonstrating pineapple-plant fiber and silk cloths being woven in a traditional loom.

Pineapple-plant fiber and silk threads being woven in a traditional loom.

thumb|T'nalak cloth by T'boli dream weavers. Like most indigenous pre-colonial Filipino textiles, they were typically made from abacá fibers.

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.

Linen

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Linen cloth recovered from Qumran Cave 1 near the Dead Sea

Flax stem, fiber, yarn and woven and knitted linen textiles

A bag of white linen, unopened. Contains rolls of linen. Foundation deposit, Heb Sed Chapel at Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. 12th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.

Diocletian's 4th century maximum prices edict showing prices for 3 grades of linen across the Roman Empire

Green Pleated Linen Dress, 'Irish Moss' by Irish fashion designer Sybil Connolly

Bielefeld Germany linen Notgeld issued by Stadt-Sparkasse on 8 November 1923

Flax stem cross-section, showing locations of underlying tissues. Ep = epidermis; C = cortex; BF = bast fibres; P = phloem; X = xylem; Pi = pith

Details of the flax plant, from which linen fibers are derived

Mechanical baling of flax in Belgium. On the left side, cut flax is waiting to be baled.

Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant.

Felt

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Faranji is a Kurdish vest worn by men in winter and early spring

Wooden rolling pin used during the wet felting process

Needle felting process to create small animal figurines

Russian valenki with attached waterproof sole

Press Felt is a textile material that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibers together.

Hemp

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Botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial or medicinal use.

The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only C. sativa (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but it also has medicinal varieties.

Dried hemp stalks displayed at the International Hemp Fair in Vienna

Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 AD

Japanese Shinto shrine with rope made of hemp

House that used hemp as one of its building materials

The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle.

alt=longitudinal section photo|Cannabis sativa stem

alt=low-angle photo-shot|Hemp strains USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx

Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France

1942 United States Department of Agriculture War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the World War II Hemp for Victory campaign<ref>Letter to Daddy Burt from USDA War Board {{!}} Burton Family Archive: Sallyann Burton Gullett</ref>

Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp, 1942. Photo by USDA War Board - Lexington, Kentucky.<ref>Picture of Daddy Burt with harvested hemp {{!}} Burton Family Archive: Jimmy Wallace Bruner</ref>

United States "Marihuana" production permit. In the United States, hemp cultivation is legally prohibited, but during World War II farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace Manila hemp previously obtained from Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S. government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp, called Hemp for Victory.

It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.

Cloak, 1580–1600 V&A Museum no. 793–1901 Techniques - Red satin, couched and embroidered with silver, silver-gilt and coloured silk threads, trimmed with silver-gilt and silk thread fringe and tassel, and lined with pink linen

Aesthetics (textile)

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One of the basic concepts of serviceability of textiles.

Blue satin strapless cocktail dress by Yves Saint Laurent for Christian Dior, Paris, 1959.

This wedding dress and veil were designed by Sybil Connolly while she was working at Richard Alan on Grafton St, Dublin. The dress is satin with a full length Limerick lace veil.

Isabelle De Strange, Brocade Costume, c. 1938, NGA 13643.

Devoré velvet (also known as burnout technique)

Margaret Thatcher wearing a typical power dressing outfit.

It is determined by the perception of touch and sight. Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color and texture of the material.