Thiazide

Benzothiadiazine, the parent structure of this class of molecules

Thiazide refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine.

- Thiazide

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Diuretic

Any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.

Furosemide 125mg vials for intravenous application

The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazides and loop diuretics in particular) are independent of their diuretic effect.

Kidney stone disease

Crystallopathy where a solid piece of material develops in the urinary tract.

Diagram showing the typical location of renal colic, below the rib cage to just above the pelvis

A kidney stone (yellow) composed of calcium oxalate

Small crystals formed in the kidney. The most common crystals are made of calcium oxalate and they are generally 4–5 mm. Staghorn kidney stones are considerably larger. 1. Calcium and oxalate come together to make the crystal nucleus. Supersaturation promotes their combination (as does inhibition.) 2. Continued deposition at the renal papillae leads to the growth of the kidney stones. 3. Kidney stones grow and collect debris. In the case where the kidney stones block all routes to the renal papillae, this can cause extreme discomfort and pain. 4. The complete staghorn stone forms and retention occurs. Smaller solids that break off can become trapped in the urinary glands causing discomfort. 5. Displaced stones travel through the ureter. If they cannot be broken down, they must be physically removed by a surgeon.

Struvite crystals found on microscopic examination of the urine

Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a kidney stone showing tetragonal crystals of Weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate) emerging from the amorphous central part of the stone (the horizontal length of the picture represents 0.5 mm of the figured original)

Multiple kidney stones composed of uric acid and a small amount of calcium oxalate

A lenticular kidney stone, excreted in the urine

Radiograph showing a large staghorn calculus involving the major calyces and renal pelvis in a person with severe scoliosis

A lithotriptor machine with a mobile fluoroscopic system ("C-arm") is seen in an operating room; other equipment is seen in the background including an anesthesia machine.

Urolithiasis deaths per million persons in 2012

Bilateral kidney stones can be seen on this KUB radiograph. There are phleboliths in the pelvis, which can be misinterpreted as bladder stones.

Axial CT scan of abdomen without contrast, showing a 3-mm stone (marked by an arrow) in the left proximal ureter

Renal ultrasonograph of a stone located at the pyeloureteric junction with accompanying hydronephrosis.

Measurement of a 5.6 mm large kidney stone in soft tissue versus skeletal CT window.

If this is not effective enough, thiazide diuretic, citrate, or allopurinol may be taken.

Distal convoluted tubule

Portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule.

1 Glomerulus, 2 proximal tubule, 3 distal tubule

Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected.

Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron.

Thiazide diuretics inhibit Na+/Cl− reabsorption from the DCT by blocking the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter.

Merck & Co.

American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey.

Gardasil in Japanese packaging (showing the MSD branding)

The Angel Pharmacy in Darmstadt, the beginning of the Merck Group

Merck Research Laboratories in South San Francisco, California

In the 1950s, thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class, chlorothiazide, under the trade name Duiril in 1958.

Hydrochlorothiazide

Diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up.

Two generic benazepril HCl 20 mg and HCTZ 25 mg oral tablets

It is in the thiazide medication class and acts by decreasing the kidneys' ability to retain water.

Antihypertensive drug

Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

Hydrochlorothiazide, a popular thiazide diuretic

Captopril, the prototypical ACE inhibitor

Valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist

Propranolol, the first beta-blocker to be successfully developed

Among the most important and most widely used medications are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.

Hypokalemia

Low level of potassium in the blood serum.

An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 meq/L showing the classical changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval.

Certain medications can cause excess potassium loss in the urine. Blood pressure medications such as loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide) and thiazide diuretics (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide) commonly cause hypokalemia. Other medications such as the antifungal amphotericin B or the cancer drug cisplatin can also cause long-term hypokalemia. Diuretic abuse among athletes and people with eating disorders may present with hypokalemia due to urinary potassium loss.