Thomas Aquinas and Related Topics

Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas

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Angelicum patron, the Doctor Angelicus, Saint Thomas Aquinas, by Gentile da Fabriano c. 1400

Latino Malabranca Orsini by Tommaso da Modena, 1352

Hugh Aycelin by Tommaso da Modena, 1352. Aycelin served as a lector at Santa Sabina before 1288 when he was made Cardinal.

Nolli Map, 1748, detail showing: (837) Pantheon, (842) Piazza della Minerva, and the Insula Sapientiae (Island of Wisdom) aka Insula Dominicana including (844) Church and Convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva and former College of St. Thomas, including (843) Palazzo della Minerva c. 1560 (now Bibliotecca del Senato of the Italian government), Guidetti Cloister c. 1565 (nearest to Church), Cisterna Cloister,Sala del Refettorio, Sale dell'Inquisizione, and Sala delle Capriate (former library of the College of St. Thomas) on the second floor between cloisters.

G. B. Embriaco's hydrochronometer in the Villa Borghese gardens, patterned after his original of 1867 in the courtyard of the College of Saint Thomas

Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier, seated in the middle. To his right sits Pio Alberto Del Corona, the Bishop of San Miniato.

An 18th-century view of the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus at center left, and the former Dominican convent that now houses the Angelicum at center right

Trajan's Forum and Market with the Angelicum campus in distance at center including the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus. The Torre delle Milizie can be seen to the left of campus.

Angelicum main entrance, a Palladian motif portico above which are mounted the escutcheons of Pope Pius XI on the left and a Dominican shield bearing one of the Dominican mottos, "laudare, benedicere, praedicare" (to praise, to bless, to preach) on the right

Cloister portico with entrance to the walled garden and in the distance a fountain by Giovanni Battista Soria c. 1630.

Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (ca. 1509) by Raphael (1483-1520).

Angelicum alumnus Pope John Paul II in 1993

Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Angelicum professor of Philosophy and Theology 1909–1960

The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (PUST), also known as the Angelicum in honor of its patron the Doctor Angelicus Thomas Aquinas, is a pontifical university located in the historic center of Rome, Italy.

Aristotle

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Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece.

School of Aristotle in Mieza, Macedonia, Greece

Roman copy of 1st or 2nd century from original bronze by Lysippos. Louvre Museum

Plato (left) and Aristotle in Raphael's 1509 fresco, The School of Athens. Aristotle holds his Nicomachean Ethics and gestures to the earth, representing his view in immanent realism, whilst Plato gestures to the heavens, indicating his Theory of Forms, and holds his Timaeus.

Plato's forms exist as universals, like the ideal form of an apple. For Aristotle, both matter and form belong to the individual thing (hylomorphism).

Aristotle argued that a capability like playing the flute could be acquired – the potential made actual – by learning.

The four classical elements (fire, air, water, earth) of Empedocles and Aristotle illustrated with a burning log. The log releases all four elements as it is destroyed.

Aristotle argued by analogy with woodwork that a thing takes its form from four causes: in the case of a table, the wood used (material cause), its design (formal cause), the tools and techniques used (efficient cause), and its decorative or practical purpose (final cause).

Aristotle noted that the ground level of the Aeolian islands changed before a volcanic eruption.

Among many pioneering zoological observations, Aristotle described the reproductive hectocotyl arm of the octopus (bottom left).

Aristotle inferred growth laws from his observations on animals, including that brood size decreases with body mass, whereas gestation period increases. He was correct in these predictions, at least for mammals: data are shown for mouse and elephant.

Aristotle recorded that the embryo of a dogfish was attached by a cord to a kind of placenta (the yolk sac), like a higher animal; this formed an exception to the linear scale from highest to lowest.

Aristotle proposed a three-part structure for souls of plants, animals, and humans, making humans unique in having all three types of soul.

Senses, perception, memory, dreams, action in Aristotle's psychology. Impressions are stored in the sensorium (the heart), linked by his laws of association (similarity, contrast, and contiguity).

Aristotle's classifications of political constitutions

The Blind Oedipus Commending his Children to the Gods (1784) by Bénigne Gagneraux. In his Poetics, Aristotle uses the tragedy Oedipus Tyrannus by Sophocles as an example of how the perfect tragedy should be structured, with a generally good protagonist who starts the play prosperous, but loses everything through some hamartia (fault).

Frontispiece to a 1644 version of Theophrastus's Historia Plantarum, originally written around 300 BC

Woodcut of Aristotle ridden by Phyllis by Hans Baldung, 1515

William Harvey's De Motu Cordis, 1628, showed that the blood circulated, contrary to classical era thinking.

"That most enduring of romantic images, Aristotle tutoring the future conqueror Alexander". Illustration by, 1866

First page of a 1566 edition of the Nicomachean Ethics in Greek and Latin

Nuremberg Chronicle anachronistically shows Aristotle in a medieval scholar's clothing. Ink and watercolour on paper, 1493

Aristotle by Justus van Gent. Oil on panel, c. 1476

Phyllis and Aristotle by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Oil on panel, 1530

Aristotle by Paolo Veronese, Biblioteka Marciana. Oil on canvas, 1560s

Aristotle and Campaspe,{{efn-ua | Compare the medieval tale of Phyllis and Alexander above.}} Alessandro Turchi (attrib.) Oil on canvas, 1713

Aristotle by Jusepe de Ribera. Oil on canvas, 1637

Aristotle with a Bust of Homer by Rembrandt. Oil on canvas, 1653

Aristotle by Johann Jakob Dorner the Elder. Oil on canvas, by 1813

Aristotle by Francesco Hayez. Oil on canvas, 1811

Roman copy of 117-138 AD of Greek original. Palermo Regional Archeology Museum

Relief of Aristotle and Plato by Luca della Robbia, Florence Cathedral, 1437–1439

Stone statue in niche, Gladstone's Library, Hawarden, Wales, 1899

Bronze statue, University of Freiburg, Germany, 1915

Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as "The First Teacher", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply "The Philosopher", while the poet Dante called him "the master of those who know".

Dominican Order

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Order of the Catholic Church founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic.

Saint Dominic (1170–1221), portrayed in the Perugia Altarpiece by Fra Angelico. Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, Perugia.

A figure depicting the term "domini canes" (lat. "hounds of the lord") since the Inquisition in the 13th century, on a corner of a former Dominican monastery (before the Reformation), Old University, Marburg, Germany

Saint Dominic on the front cover of Doctrina Christiana catechism in Spanish and Tagalog with an eight-pointed star (a symbol of the Blessed Virgin Mary) over his head. Woodcut cover. Printed in Manila in 1593

Saint Dominic (1170–1221), portrait by El Greco, about 1600

Saint Dominic's room at Maison Seilhan, in Toulouse, is considered the place where the Order was born.

Dominican epitaph of Berthold de Wyrbna from 1316 on the tower of the parish church in Szprotawa

Doctor Angelicus, Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), considered by the Catholic Church to be its greatest medieval theologian, is girded by angels with a mystical belt of purity after his proof of chastity.

Allegory of the Virgin Patroness of the Dominicans by Miguel Cabrera.

Marble relief of SS Dominic and Catherine

The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine of Siena (1347–1380) by Giovanni di Paolo, c. 1460 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Painting of Albertus Magnus (1206–1280) by Justus van Gent, ca. 1475

Cardinal Jose Fuerte Advincula, OP in his Dominican Habit, 21 December 2021.

Pope Innocent V depicted in a 1350s fresco by Tommaso da Modena, in Treviso.

This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Thomas Aquinas in 1265.

Page from an incunable edition of part II (Peter Schöffer, Mainz 1471)

Summa Theologica

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Graphical depiction of the cyclic structure of the work

The Summa Theologiae or Summa Theologica, often referred to simply as the Summa, is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), a scholastic theologian and Doctor of the Church.

Catholic Church

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Largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide.

The first use of the term "Catholic Church" (literally meaning "universal church") was by the church father Saint Ignatius of Antioch in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans (c. 110 AD). Ignatius of Antioch is also attributed the earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Χριστιανισμός) c. 100 AD. He died in Rome, with his relics located in the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano.

This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter.

The Last Supper, a late 1490s mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci, depicting the last supper of Jesus and his twelve apostles on the eve of his crucifixion. Most apostles are buried in Rome, including Saint Peter.

19th-century drawing by Henry William Brewer of Old Saint Peter's Basilica, originally built in 318 by Emperor Constantine

The Renaissance period was a golden age for Catholic art. Pictured: the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo

Ruins of the Jesuit Reduction at São Miguel das Missões in Brazil

While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the Holocaust, his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups, such as that led by priest Heinrich Maier. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by concentration camp prisoners.

Members of the Canadian Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the Liberation of Rome in 1944 during World War II

Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council

Pope John Paul II was credited as a major influence to the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism. Here with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, in 1982.

Francis is the 266th and current pope of the Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He was elected in the 2013 papal conclave.

C. 1210 manuscript version of the traditional Shield of the Trinity theological diagram

The Blessed Virgin Mary is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as Mother of God, free from original sin and an intercessor.

Mass at the Grotto at Lourdes, France. The chalice is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.

Baptism of Augustine of Hippo as represented in a sculptural group in Troyes Cathedral (1549), France

Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Eucharist at the canonisation of Frei Galvão in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007

A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico

The Seven Sacraments Altarpiece triptych painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1445.

Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.

Catholic religious objects – Holy Bible, crucifix and rosary

East Syrian Rite wedding crowning celebrated by a bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the pope and the Catholic Church.

Saint Teresa of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practicing the acts of corporal works of mercy.

Pope Paul VI issued Humanae vitae on 25 July 1968.

Scholastic theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest Thomas Aquinas studied and taught at these studia.

Thomism

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Summa Theologiæ, Pars secunda, prima pars. (copy by Peter Schöffer, 1471)

Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas, Benozzo Gozzoli,1471. Louvre, Paris

Thomism is the philosophical and theological school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), the Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

14th-century image of a university lecture

Scholasticism

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Medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

The Scholastics, also known as Schoolmen, included as its main figures Anselm of Canterbury ("the father of scholasticism" ), Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas.

Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael.

Natural law

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System of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

Dr Alberico Gentili, the founder of the science of international law.

References to it are also to be found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and were later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas.

Aristotelianism

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Philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics.