A report on Thomas Aquinas

An altarpiece in Ascoli Piceno, Italy,
by Carlo Crivelli (15th century)
The Castle of Monte San Giovanni Campano
Thomas is girded by angels with a mystical belt of purity after his proof of chastity. Painting by Diego Velázquez.
Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas, "Doctor Communis", between Plato and Aristotle, Benozzo Gozzoli, 1471. Louvre, Paris.
Icon of the crucifixion speaking to Thomas Aquinas is depicted on this stained glass window in Saint Patrick Church (Columbus, Ohio).
Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas, "Doctor Angelicus", with saints and angels, Andrea di Bonaiuto, 1366. Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, fresco.
The remains of Thomas Aquinas are buried in the Church of the Jacobins in Toulouse.
St. Thomas Aquinas and the Pope
Detail of The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas by Francisco de Zurbarán, 1631
Saint Thomas Aquinas by Luis Muñoz Lafuente
Super libros de generatione et corruptione
Super Physicam Aristotelis, 1595
Thomas Aquinas by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, 1650
17th-century sculpture of Thomas Aquinas
Portrait of St. Thomas by Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra, c. 1649
A stained glass window of Thomas Aquinas in St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Central City, Kentucky)

Italian Dominican friar and priest, who was an immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known within the scholastic tradition as the Doctor Angelicus, the Doctor Communis, and the Doctor Universalis.

- Thomas Aquinas
An altarpiece in Ascoli Piceno, Italy,
by Carlo Crivelli (15th century)

144 related topics with Alpha

Overall

The Cross of Mathilde, a crux gemmata made for Mathilde, Abbess of Essen (973–1011), who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque. The figure of Christ is slightly later. Probably made in Cologne or Essen, the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques: cast figurative sculpture, filigree, enamelling, gem polishing and setting, and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems.

Middle Ages

7 links

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history.

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history.

The Cross of Mathilde, a crux gemmata made for Mathilde, Abbess of Essen (973–1011), who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque. The figure of Christ is slightly later. Probably made in Cologne or Essen, the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques: cast figurative sculpture, filigree, enamelling, gem polishing and setting, and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems.
A late Roman sculpture depicting the Tetrarchs, now in Venice, Italy
Barbarian kingdoms and tribes after the end of the Western Roman Empire
A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great, struck in Milan, Italy, c. AD 491–501
A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna (Italy), bodyguards, and courtiers.
Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria
An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary
Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814
Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen, completed in 805
10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I
A page from the Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century
Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (the clergy) those who fought (the knights), and those who worked (the peasantry). The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism. (Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)
13th-century illustration of a Jew (in pointed Jewish hat) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating
Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190
The Bayeux Tapestry (detail) showing William the Conqueror (centre), his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain (right) and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy (left)
Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers.
A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration
Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint-Cher by Tommaso da Modena, 1352, the first known depiction of spectacles
The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach, Germany
The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral, France
Francis of Assisi, depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order.
Sénanque Abbey, Gordes, France
Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie, from a 14th-century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis
Map of Europe in 1360
Joan of Arc in a 15th-century depiction
Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a 15th-century miniature from Froissart's Chroniques
Clerics studying astronomy and geometry, French, early 15th century
Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi
February scene from the 15th-century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde
The early Muslim conquests
Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres mark the end of this period.

Statue of Ibn Rushd in Córdoba, Spain

Averroes

8 links

An

An

Statue of Ibn Rushd in Córdoba, Spain
Averroes in a 14th-century painting by Andrea di Bonaiuto
Averroes served various official positions in the Almohad Caliphate, whose territories are depicted in this map.
Imaginary debate between Averroes and third-century philosopher Porphyry. Monfredo de Monte Imperiali Liber de herbis, 14th century
An Arabic illustration of Aristotle teaching a student, c. 1220. Aristotle's works are the subject of extensive commentaries by Averroes.
Title page from a Latin edition of Colliget, Averroes's main work in medicine
The Long Commentary on Aristotle's On the Soul, French Manuscript, third quarter of the 13th century
6th-century Byzantine depiction of Galen (top centre) among other noted physicians
The Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas over Averroes by Benozzo Gozzoli, depicting Aquinas (top center), a major Averroes critic, "triumphing" over Averroes (bottom), depicted at the feet of Aquinas
Averroes, detail of the fresco The School of Athens by Raphael

Although weakened by condemnations and sustained critique from Thomas Aquinas, Latin Averroism continued to attract followers up to the sixteenth century.

Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Domenico di Michelino's 1465 fresco

Divine Comedy

7 links

Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. undefined 1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his death in 1321.

Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. undefined 1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his death in 1321.

Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Domenico di Michelino's 1465 fresco
Gustave Doré's engravings illustrated the Divine Comedy (1861–1868); here Charon comes to ferry souls across the river Acheron to Hell.
Dante gazes at Mount Purgatory in an allegorical portrait by Agnolo Bronzino, painted c. 1530
Paradiso, Canto III: Dante and Beatrice speak to Piccarda and Constance of Sicily, in a fresco by Philipp Veit.
Title page of the first printed edition (Foligno, 11 April 1472)
First edition to name the poem Divina Comedia, 1555
Illustration of Lucifer in the first fully illustrated print edition. Woodcut for Inferno, canto 34. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.
A detail from one of Sandro Botticelli's illustrations for Inferno, Canto XVIII, 1480s. Silverpoint on parchment, completed in pen and ink.
Dante and Virgil in Hell, painting by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1850)
Rodin's The Kiss represents Paolo and Francesca from the Inferno.

Dante draws on medieval Roman Catholic theology and philosophy, especially Thomistic philosophy derived from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas.

Portrait by Bartolomeo Passarotti (c. 1566, Walters Art Museum in Baltimore)

Pope Pius V

6 links

Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572.

Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572.

Portrait by Bartolomeo Passarotti (c. 1566, Walters Art Museum in Baltimore)
Portrait by Scipione Pulzone, c. 1578
Pius V by Palma il Giovane.
The body of Pius V in his tomb in Santa Maria Maggiore
Portrait of Pius V by Pierre Le Gros on the tomb

Pius V declared Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church.

Philosophy seated between the seven liberal arts; picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad von Landsberg (12th century).

Medieval philosophy

3 links

Philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Philosophy seated between the seven liberal arts; picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad von Landsberg (12th century).
Avicenna
Portrait by Philippe de Champaigne, 17th century
Abbo of Fleury
Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle from Devotional and Philosophical Writings, c. 1330
Thomas Aquinas
Book 7 of the Metaphysics: Ens dicitur multipliciter – the word 'being' is predicated in many ways

One of the most notable thinkers of the era, Thomas of Aquinas, never considered himself a philosopher, and criticized philosophers for always "falling short of the true and proper wisdom".

Summa contra Gentiles

2 links

The Summa contra Gentiles (also known as Liber de veritate catholicae fidei contra errores infidelium, "Book on the truth of the Catholic faith against the errors of the unbelievers") is one of the best-known treatises by St Thomas Aquinas, written as four books between 1259 and 1265.

Plato (left) and Aristotle in Raphael's 1509 fresco The School of Athens

Theology

5 links

Systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief.

Systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief.

Plato (left) and Aristotle in Raphael's 1509 fresco The School of Athens
Thomas Aquinas, an influential Roman Catholic theologian
Sculpture of the Jewish theologian Maimonides
Baron d’Holbach

As defined by Thomas Aquinas, theology is constituted by a triple aspect: what is taught by God, teaches of God and leads to God (Theologia a Deo docetur, Deum docet, et ad Deum ducit).

Official photograph, c. 1898

Pope Leo XIII

5 links

The head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in 1903.

The head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in 1903.

Official photograph, c. 1898
The house in Carpineto Romano in which the Pecci brothers grew up
Archbishop Pecci as Nuncio in Brussels
Archbishop Pecci enters Perugia in 1846.
Archbishop Pecci aids the poor in Perugia.
Depiction of Leo XIII's papal coronation – image c. 1900
Pope Leo XIII and his inner court at the Vatican, photographed by Jules David in June 1878
Photogram of the 1896 film Sua Santitá papa Leone XIII, the first time a Pope appeared on film
Official portrait of Leo XIII taken in April 1878
Silver medal celebrating Pope Leo XIII's 1891 inauguration of the new observatory
In 1889, Pope Leo XIII authorized the founding of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and granted it Papal degrees in theology.
Giuseppe Pecci in 1887. At the urgent requests of the College of Cardinals, Leo XIII in 1879 elevated his brother, Giuseppe Pecci, a Jesuit and prominent Thomist theologian, into their ranks.
The Blessed Sister Mary of the Divine Heart was a religious sister from the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd who requested Pope Leo XIII to consecrate the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
John Henry Newman was raised into the College of Cardinals by Pope Leo XIII.
Charles M. Johnson, Pope Leo XIII, 1899, National Gallery of Art
Portrait by Philip de László, 1900
In 1901, Pope Leo XIII welcomed Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII, on his first day of 57 years of service in the Vatican (1901–1958).
Pope Leo XIII in 1887

Upon his election, he immediately sought to revive Thomism, the theology of Thomas Aquinas, desiring to refer to it as the official theological and philosophical foundation for the Catholic Church.

Posthumous portrait in tempera
by Sandro Botticelli, 1495

Dante Alighieri

7 links

Italian poet, writer and philosopher.

Italian poet, writer and philosopher.

Posthumous portrait in tempera
by Sandro Botticelli, 1495
Dante Alighieri, attributed to Giotto, in the chapel of the Bargello palace in Florence. This oldest picture of Dante was painted just prior to his exile and has since been extensively restored.
Portrait of Dante, from a fresco in the Palazzo dei Giudici, Florence
Mural of Dante in the Uffizi, Florence, by Andrea del Castagno, c. 1450
Statue of Dante at the Uffizi
Statue of Dante in the Piazza Santa Croce in Florence, Enrico Pazzi, 1865
Dante in Verona, by Antonio Cotti
Statue of Dante Alighieri in Verona
Cenotaph in Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
Recreated death mask of Dante Alighieri in Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Dante in the national side of the Italian 2 euro coin
Divina Commedia (1472)
Dante, poised between the mountain of purgatory and the city of Florence, displays the incipit Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita in a detail of Domenico di Michelino's painting, Florence, 1465
Dante Alighieri, detail from Luca Signorelli's fresco in the Chapel of San Brizio, Orvieto Cathedral
Illustration for Purgatorio (of The Divine Comedy) by Gustave Doré
Illustration for Paradiso (of The Divine Comedy) by Gustave Doré
Illustration for Paradiso (of The Divine Comedy) by Gustave Doré

He took part in the disputes that the two principal mendicant orders (Franciscan and Dominican) publicly or indirectly held in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. Bonaventure, the latter expounding on the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas.

Volume 1 of the Leonine edition of the works of St. Thomas Aquinas (1882)

Aeterni Patris

5 links

Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in August 1879, (not to be confused with the apostolic letter of the same name written by Pope Pius IX in 1868 calling the First Vatican Council).

Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in August 1879, (not to be confused with the apostolic letter of the same name written by Pope Pius IX in 1868 calling the First Vatican Council).

Volume 1 of the Leonine edition of the works of St. Thomas Aquinas (1882)

The aim of the encyclical was to aid and advance the restoration of Christian philosophy, which he felt had fallen into danger and disrepute by adhering to modern trends in secular philosophy, by urging a return to the scholastic thinkers of the Middle Ages, most especially the Angelic Doctor St. Thomas Aquinas, and the related philosophical system of Thomism.