A report on Traditional animation

Painting with acrylic paint on the reverse side of an already inked cel, here placed on the original animation drawing
Sketch of an animation peg bar, and measurements of three types, Acme being the most common.
A camera used for shooting traditional animation. See also Aerial image.
This image shows how two transparent cels, each with a different character drawn on them, and an opaque background are photographed together to form the composite image.
A horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th-century photos. The animation consists of 8 drawings which are "looped", i.e. repeated over and over. This example is also "shot on twos", i.e. shown at 12 drawings per second.

Animation technique in which each frame is drawn by hand.

- Traditional animation
Painting with acrylic paint on the reverse side of an already inked cel, here placed on the original animation drawing

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Walt Disney Animation Studios

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American animation studio that creates animated features and short films for The Walt Disney Company.

American animation studio that creates animated features and short films for The Walt Disney Company.

The building on Kingswell Avenue in Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer.
The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, the headquarters of the animation department from 1940 to 1985.
Roy E. Disney (Chairman, 1985–2003), nephew of Walt Disney, was a key figure in restructuring the animation department following the reorganization of the Disney company in 1984.
1400 Flower Street in Glendale, California, one of several buildings used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995.
1400 Air Way, another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995.
622/610 Circle 7 Drive (the Hart-Dannon Building), another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation during the early 1990s.
Walt Disney Feature Animation logo, used from 1997 to 2007.
John Lasseter (Chief Creative Officer, 2006–2018, left) and Edwin Catmull (President, 2006–2018, right) came to Disney following its acquisition of Pixar and dedicated themselves to revitalizing Walt Disney Animation Studios after the studio's unsuccessful early 2000s period.
The south side of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building, as seen from the public park that separates it from the Ventura Freeway.

For much of its existence, the studio was recognized as the premier American animation studio and was "for many decades the undisputed world leader in animated features"; it developed many of the techniques, concepts and principles that became standard practices of traditional animation.

Nr. 10 in the reworked second series of Stampfer's stroboscopic discs published by Trentsensky & Vieweg in 1833.

Animation

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Method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images.

Method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images.

Nr. 10 in the reworked second series of Stampfer's stroboscopic discs published by Trentsensky & Vieweg in 1833.
A projecting praxinoscope, from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene
Fantasmagorie (1908) by Émile Cohl
Italian-Argentine cartoonist Quirino Cristiani showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character El Peludo (based on President Yrigoyen) patented in 1916 for the realization of his films, including the world's first animated feature film El Apóstol.
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th-century photos.
A clay animation scene from a Finnish television commercial
A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain
World of Color hydrotechnics at Disney California Adventure creates the illusion of motion using 1,200 fountains with high-definition projections on mist screens.

In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film.

An example of computer animation which is produced from the "motion capture" technique

Computer animation

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Process used for digitally generating animated images.

Process used for digitally generating animated images.

An example of computer animation which is produced from the "motion capture" technique
3D game character animated using skeletal animation.
In this .gif of a 2D Flash animation, each 'stick' of the figure is keyframed over time to create motion.
A ray-traced 3-D model of a jack inside a cube, and the jack alone below.

Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to stop motion techniques, but using 3D models, and traditional animation techniques using frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations.

Computer Animation Production System

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Proprietary collection of software, scanning camera systems, servers, networked computer workstations, and custom desks developed by The Walt Disney Company and Pixar in the late 1980s.

Proprietary collection of software, scanning camera systems, servers, networked computer workstations, and custom desks developed by The Walt Disney Company and Pixar in the late 1980s.

Although outmoded by the mid-2000s, it succeeded in reducing labor costs for ink and paint and post-production processes of traditionally animated feature films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios.

The 1937 multiplane camera developed by Walt Disney Studios

Multiplane camera

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The 1937 multiplane camera developed by Walt Disney Studios
Sketch of a computer-controlled, 4-plane Multiplane camera, showing the glass-covered planes and the different motions.

The multiplane camera is a motion-picture camera that was used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another.

Painting with acrylic paint on the reverse side of an already inked cel.

Cel

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Painting with acrylic paint on the reverse side of an already inked cel.

A cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand-drawn animation.

Theatrical release poster

The Rescuers Down Under

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1990 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures.

1990 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures.

Theatrical release poster

The software allowed for artists to digitally ink-and-paint the animators' drawings, and then composite the digital cels over the scanned background art.

Animation "on twos" has been used for over 100 years, being used for instance in Fantasmagorie (1908)

Inbetweening

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Process in animation that involves creating intermediate frames, called inbetweens, between two keyframes.

Process in animation that involves creating intermediate frames, called inbetweens, between two keyframes.

Animation "on twos" has been used for over 100 years, being used for instance in Fantasmagorie (1908)
This animated GIF demonstrates the effects of Adobe Flash shape, motion, and colour tweening.

The process of inbetweening in traditional animation starts with a primary artist, who draws key frames to define movement.

A GIF-based example of limited animation in the Japanese style: the mouth, eyes, arms and shadow are moving in a looping manner.

Limited animation

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A GIF-based example of limited animation in the Japanese style: the mouth, eyes, arms and shadow are moving in a looping manner.

Limited animation is a process in the overall technique of traditional animation of creating animations that does not redraw entire frames but variably reuses common parts between frames.

A storyboard for The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd episode #408

Storyboard

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Graphic organizer that consists of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence.

Graphic organizer that consists of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence.

A storyboard for The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd episode #408
A storyboard for an animated cartoon, showing the number of drawings (~70) needed for an 8-minute film.
A storyboard template.

A few minutes of screen time in traditional animation usually equates to months of work for a team of traditional animators, who must painstakingly draw and paint countless frames, meaning that all that labor (and salaries already paid) will have to be written off if the final scene simply does not work in the film's final cut.