Turkey and Related Topics

Caucasus

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Region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea; mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

Contemporary political map of the Caucasus

Ethno-linguistic groups in the Caucasus region in 2014

Petroglyphs in Gobustan, Azerbaijan, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, dating back to 10,000 BC

Kingdom of Georgia at the peak of its might, early 13th century.

Circassian strike on a Russian military fort in the Caucasus, 1840

Georgian Civil War and the War in Abkhazia in August–October 1993

View of the Caucasus Mountains in Dagestan, Russia

Rosa Khutor alpine ski resort near Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Russia, the site of the 2014 Winter Olympics venue

Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia, original building completed in 303 AD, a religious centre of Armenia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Georgia, original building completed in the 4th century. It was a religious centre of monarchical Georgia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Northwest Caucasus caftan, 8-10th century, from the region of Alania.

Palace of the Shirvanshahs, 13-th-15th centuries

Celebration of Ashura, (Persian:Shakhsey-Vakhsey),19th century

On the southern side, the Lesser Caucasus includes the Javakheti Plateau and the Armenian highlands, part of which is in Turkey.

Independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

Proto-Greek-speaking area according to linguist Vladimir I. Georgiev

Distribution of varieties of Greek in Anatolia, 1910. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian Greek in green, with green dots indicating individual Cappadocian Greek villages.

The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas

Geographic distribution of Greek language in the Russian Empire (1897 census)

Greek inscription in Cypriot syllabic script

Ancient epichoric variants of the Greek alphabet from Euboea, Ionia, Athens, and Corinth comparing to modern Greek

It is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora.

Şırnak Province

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Şırnak Province (Şırnak ili, Parêzgeha Şirnexê ) is a province of Turkey in the Southeastern Anatolia Region.

The team, consisting of Turkish SAT Commandos and Combat Search and Rescue (MAK) troops, attacked the hotel where President Erdoğan stayed.

2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt

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On 15 July 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces, organized as the Peace at Home Council, attempted a coup d'état against state institutions, including the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Citizens protesting the coup attempt in Kızılay Square

After coup nightly demonstration of president Erdoğan supporters, Istanbul

General Akın Öztürk, former Commander of the Turkish Air Force, was reported as being the leader of the coup attempt.

Turkish authorities blamed Fethullah Gülen who condemned the coup attempt and denied any role in it

General Erdal Öztürk (left), shown here with U.S. Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, right, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was arrested over his reported involvement.

Vice President Joe Biden meets with Turkish President Erdoğan on 24 August 2016

Commander of air base Brig. Gen Bekir Ercan Van sought asylum to U.S.

Vice President Joe Biden inspects damage to the Grand National Assembly during a visit to Ankara on 24 August 2016.

15 July Martyrs' Monument at the Presidential Complex

President Barack Obama talks on the phone in the Oval Office with John Kerry regarding the situation in Turkey, 15 July 2016

When Terzi was an officer at the Turkish Armed Forces, c. 2014

The government said the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and scholar who lives in Pennsylvania.

Galatia

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The Dying Gaul, Capitoline Museums, Rome

A Galatian's head as depicted on a gold Thracian objet d'art, 3rd century BC. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian bronze horse bit, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian bracelets and earrings, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian torcs, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian plate, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian object, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Part of a 15th-century map showing Galatia.

Galatia (, Galatía, "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey.

Distribution of Celtic peoples over time, in the traditional view:

Celts

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The Celts (, see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples are a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia, identified by their use of Celtic languages and other cultural similarities.

The La Tène-style ceremonial Agris Helmet, 350 BC, Angoulême city Museum in France

Celto-Latin stele from Galicia, 2nd century, referring to " CELTICA SUPERTAM(arica) "

A map of Europe in the Bronze Age, showing the Atlantic network in red

A 4th century BC gold-plated disk from Gaul

Main language areas in Iberia, showing Celtic languages in beige, c. 300 BC

Triskelion and spirals on a Galician torc terminal, Museum of Castro de Santa Tegra, A Guarda

Expansion of early Germanic tribes into Central Europe, helping press its previous Celts further south and southeast

Peoples of Cisalpine Gaul during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC

A map of Celtic invasions and migrations in the Balkans in the 3rd centuy BC

A Gallo-Roman sculpture of the Celtic god Cernunnos (middle), flanked by the Roman gods Apollo and Mercury

The Ludovisi Gaul, Roman copy of a Hellenistic sculpture of a dying Celtic couple, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.

The reverse side of a British bronze mirror, with spiral and trumpet motifs typical of La Tène Celtic art in Britain

A 4th century BC Celtic gold ring from southern Germany, decorated with human and rams heads

Reconstruction of the dress and equipment of an Iron Age Celtic warrior from Biebertal, Germany

The Battersea Shield, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène Celtic art from Britain

Celtic Warrior Represented in the Braganza Brooch, Hellenistic art, 250–200 BC

Stone head from Mšecké Žehrovice, Czech Republic, wearing a torc, late La Tène culture, 150-50 BC

The Celtic god Cernunnos on the Gundestrup cauldron.

The Celtic "Prince of Glauberg", with a leaf crown, perhaps indicating a priest, c. 500 BC.

Distribution of Y-chromosomal Haplogroup R-M269 in Europe. The majority of ancient Celtic males have been found to be carriers of this lineage.

Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures.
The core Hallstatt territory (HaC, 800 BC) is shown in solid yellow.
The eventual area of Hallstatt influence (by 500 BC, HaD) in light yellow.
The core territory of the La Tène culture (450 BC) in solid green.
The eventual area of La Tène influence (by 250 BC) in light green.
The territories of some major Celtic tribes of the late La Tène period are labelled.

Britain & Ireland in the early–mid 1st millennium AD, before the founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
Celtic Britons.
Picts.
Gaels.

After the Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe in the 3rd century BC, Celtic culture reached as far east as central Anatolia, Turkey.

Clockwise from the top: The road to Bapaume in the aftermath of the Battle of the Somme, 1916

British Mark V tanks crossing the Hindenburg Line, 1918

sinking after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, 1915

A British Vickers machine gun crew wearing gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, 1916

German Albatros D.III biplane fighters near Douai, France, 1917

World War I

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World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, began on 28 July 1914 and ended on 11 November 1918.

Rival military coalitions in 1914: Triple Entente in green; Triple Alliance in brown. Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support.

, a, Germany's first response to the British Dreadnought

Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908

Traditionally thought to show the arrest of Gavrilo Princip (right), historians now believe this photo depicts an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr

Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo, 29 June 1914

Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed in 1908.

Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.

French bayonet charge during the Battle of the Frontiers; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead.

The British Indian infantry divisions were withdrawn from France in December 1915, and sent to Mesopotamia.

Trenches of the 11th Cheshire Regiment at Ovillers-la-Boisselle, on the Somme, July 1916

Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench, first day on the Somme, 1916

King George V (front left) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917.

U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice

Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz, Styria, 1914

Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane

Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.

Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign

Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople

Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland). Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front, is second from the left.

Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish, 1914–1915

Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the Ortler Alps, one of the most challenging fronts of the war

Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărășești, 1917

Emperor Nicholas II and Commander-in-Chief Nikolai Nikolaevich in the captured Przemysl. The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war.

"They shall not pass", a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun

President Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917

The Allied Avenue, 1917 painting by Childe Hassam, that depicts Manhattan's Fifth Avenue decorated with flags from Allied nations

French infantry advance on the Chemin des Dames, April 1917

Canadian Corps troops at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 1917

10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive

British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem, 1917. Foreground, a battery of 16 heavy guns. Background, conical tents and support vehicles.

Ottoman troops during the Mesopotamian campaign

French soldiers under General Gouraud, with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne, 1918

British 55th (West Lancashire) Division soldiers blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires, 10 April 1918

Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.

Aerial view of ruins of Vaux-devant-Damloup, France, 1918

16th Bn (Canadian Scottish), advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord, 1918

An American major, piloting an observation balloon near the front, 1918

Italian troops reach Trento during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, 1918. Italy's victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front and secured the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Ferdinand Foch, second from right, pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there. The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain's June 1940 armistice.

The signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919, by Sir William Orpen

Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres

Dissolution of Austria-Hungary after war

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World WarI (as of 1923)

Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone, Camp Funston, Kansas, 1918

Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I

38-cm "Lange Max" of Koekelare (Leugenboom),the biggest gun in the world in 1917

A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, c. 1917–1918

Royal Air Force Sopwith Camel. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours.

Luftstreitkräfte Fokker Dr.I being inspected by Manfred von Richthofen, also known as the Red Baron.

Mobile radio station in German South West Africa, using a hydrogen balloon to lift the antenna

Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia, 1916

French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders

Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide. Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, written by Henry Morgenthau Sr. and published in 1918.

German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war

British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917

Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the Young Women's Christian Association

Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining 1 Lincolnshire Regiment in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after Guedecourt on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.

Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin

The Deserter, 1916: Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries

Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917. The original French text accompanying this photograph notes, however, that the uniforms are those of 1914–15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war.

Bolshevik leaders Lenin and Trotsky promised "Peace, Land and Bread" to the impoverished masses

Young men registering for conscription, New York City, 5 June 1917

Military recruitment in Melbourne, Australia, 1914

British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914

1917 political cartoon about the Zimmermann Telegram. The message was intercepted by the British; its publication caused outrage and contributed to the U.S. entry into World War I.

The Italian Redipuglia War Memorial, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers

A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I

A 1919 book for veterans, from the US War Department

War memorial to soldiers of the 49th Bengalee Regiment (Bangali Platoon) in Kolkata, India, who died in the war.

The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey.

Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)

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The Democrat Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti, DP for short) was a centre-right political party in Turkey, and the country's third legal opposition party, after the Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) established by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930, and the National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi) established by Nuri Demirağ in 1945.

President of Turkey

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Presidential Palace is located in Ankara

The official Seal of the Presidency, used on documents.

The president of Turkey, officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey.

Clockwise from top left: Delegation gathered in Sivas Congress to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front; Kuva-yi Milliye infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's capture of Smyrna; troops in Ankara's Ulus Square preparing to leave for the front.

Turkish War of Independence

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While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allied Powers continued occupying and seizing land.

Front page of İkdam on 4 November 1918, after the Three Pashas fled the Ottoman Empire following World War I

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha in 1918, then an Ottoman army general

Ahmed Tevfik (Okday) Pasha and Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı) at the Paris Peace Conference

Greek troops marching on İzmir's coastal street, May 1919.

Borders and plebiscites of the National Pact outlined in the Erzurum Congress

Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues in Erzurum (5 July 1919)

Fire caused by the British bombardment in Mudanya (6 July 1920)

A part from a newspaper published on 18 March 1920 (The Gray River Argus, New Zealand)

Execution of a Kemalist by the British forces in İzmit. (1920)

Borders of the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) which was annulled and replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923

Zones of control held by the Ankara government and the Allies

Depicteé in a 1922 oil painting, the Turkish recapture of İzmir (Smyrna in Greek), on 9 September 1922

A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads "KEMAL"

Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923

Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922)

The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923 that guaranteed Turkey's independence, replacing the Treaty of Sèvres

Propaganda poster of the Turkish National Movement

Hatıra-i Zafer (Memory of Victory) by Hasan Sabri in 1925.

The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.

A report on Turkey

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