A report on Turkey

Some henges at Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC, predating those of Stonehenge, England, by over seven millennia.

The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I

The Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683 (the First Siege was in 1529) initiated the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) between the Ottomans and a Holy League of European states.

Armenian civilians being deported during the Armenian genocide

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of the Turkish Republic, with the Liberal Republican Party leader Fethi Okyar (right) and Okyar's daughter in Yalova, 13 August 1930.

Eighteen female deputies joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections. Turkish women gained the right to vote and to hold elected office as a mark of the far-reaching social changes initiated by Atatürk.

Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference, 1943.

Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays, such as Republic Day on 29 October.

Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace is a courthouse in the Şişli district of Istanbul.

After becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005.

The Turkish Armed Forces collectively rank as the second-largest standing military force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces. Turkey joined the alliance in 1952.

The 2015 G20 Summit held in Antalya, Turkey, a founding member of the OECD (1961) and G20 (1999).

TAI Anka and Bayraktar TB2 are the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) used by the Turkish Armed Forces.

TCG Anadolu (L-400) is an amphibious assault ship-aircraft carrier developed for the Turkish Navy

Feminist demonstration in Kadıköy, Istanbul on 29 July 2017

Turkish journalists protesting the imprisonment of their colleagues on Human Rights Day in 2016.

Istanbul Pride organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul were denied permission by the government. The denials were based on security concerns, but critics claimed the bans were ideological. Despite the refusal hundreds of people defied the ban each year.

Sumela Monastery in the Pontic Mountains, which form an ecoregion with diverse temperate rainforest types, flora and fauna in northern Anatolia.

A white Turkish Angora cat with odd eyes (heterochromia), which is common among the Angoras.

Istanbul is the largest city and financial centre of Turkey.

A proportional representation of Turkey's exports, 2019

Istanbul Airport main terminal building has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and making it the world's largest airport terminal building under a single roof.

A TCDD HT80000 high-speed train of the Turkish State Railways

Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2 and Göktürk-3 are the Earth observation satellites of the Turkish Ministry of National Defense, while state-owned Türksat operates the Türksat series of communications satellites.

Total fertility rate in Turkey by province (2021)

CIA map of areas with a Kurdish majority

Sancaklar Mosque is a contemporary mosque in Istanbul

The Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue, in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul. There are 234 active churches in the city.

Istanbul Technical University is the world's third-oldest technical university.

Istanbul University was founded in 1453 as a Darülfünûn. On 1 August 1933 it was reorganised and became the Republic's first university.

Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade neighborhood of Üsküdar, İstanbul

Ortaköy Mosque is a good example of the Westernisation of Islamic-Ottoman architecture. Many Baroque architecture elements can be seen in it.

Ottoman miniature which can be linked to the Persian miniature tradition, as well as strong Chinese artistic influences.

Namık Kemal's works had a profound influence on Atatürk and other Turkish statesmen who established the Turkish Republic.

Nobel-laureate Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk and his Turkish Angora cat at his personal writing space

Süreyya Opera House is situated in the Asian side of Istanbul and Atatürk Cultural Center is the main Opera House in the European side of the city.

Referred to as Süperstar by the Turkish media, Ajda Pekkan is a prominent figure of Turkish pop music, with a career spanning decades and a repertoire of diverse musical styles.

Barış Manço was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the Anatolian rock genre.

Turkey won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

VakıfBank S.K. has won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship in 2017 and 2018, and the 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League for the fourth time in their history.

TRT World is the international news platform of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation.

The closing ceremony of the annual International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival takes place at the Aspendos amphitheatre.

Transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe.

- Turkey

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Sinop, Turkey

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Sinop is the birthplace of the famous Greek philosopher Diogenes.

Coinage of Achaemenid satrap Abrocomas, Sinope, Paphlagonia, circa 400-385 BC.

Sinop old city on an Ottoman era postcard.

Sinop, historically known as Sinope, is a city on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the northernmost edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey.

İzmir

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Metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia, capital of the province of the same name.

The ancient city of Ephesus is in the Province of İzmir

Karabel relief of the Luwian local leader "Tarkasnawa, King of Myra" is near Kemalpaşa, a few kilometres to the east of İzmir.

Coinage of Klazomenai, circa 386–301 BC in Urla, slightly outside İzmir urban zone, is associated with some of the oldest known records of trade in olive oil.

Statue of the river god Kaystros with a cornucopia, at the Museum of History and Art, Kültürpark, Izmir.

İzmir Archaeology Museum has exhibits from ancient sites like Bayraklı (ancient Smyrna), Ephesus, Pergamon, Miletus, Aphrodisias, Clazomenae, Teos, and Iasos.

Head of the poetess Sappho found in ancient Smyrna. Roman marble copy of an original statue from the Hellenistic period, at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.

Hisar Mosque (1592–1598) in the Kemeraltı neighbourhood of İzmir.

The port of İzmir, from an 1883 encyclopedia.

The St. Stepanos Armenian Church (1863) located in the Basmane district served the Armenian community of İzmir. It was burned during the Great Fire of Smyrna in 1922.

Başdurak Mosque (1652) is located in the Konak district.

St. John's Cathedral (1874) is dedicated to John the Evangelist, who wrote the Book of Revelation and sent the scrolls describing his visions to the Seven churches of Asia, including Smyrna (İzmir).

The Clock Tower is the symbol of the city

Asansör (1907) offers panoramic views of the city

Designed by Gustave Eiffel in 1890, the Konak Pier has numerous shops, cafés and restaurants.

Skyscrapers in the Bayraklı district of İzmir

İzmir Atatürk Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 51,295, hosted the 1971 Mediterranean Games, the 2005 Summer Universiade and the 2011 European Team Championships, among other track and field events. It is also used by İzmir's football clubs.

Gürsel Aksel Stadium, with a seating capacity of 20,040, is the home of Göztepe S.K. in Konak, İzmir.

Renovated İzmir Alsancak Stadium has a seating capacity of 15,358.

Tunç Soyer of the CHP is the current Mayor of İzmir, elected in 2019.

Izmir City Hospital is currently under construction.

Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Education in Buca, Izmir.

Key Museum in Izmir has a collection of 130 automobiles and 40 motorcycles. It is the largest car museum in Turkey.

Adnan Menderes International Airport is the main airport in İzmir.

Alsancak railway station (1858) in İzmir was opened as the terminus of the İzmir–Aydın line, the oldest railway line in Turkey and the second-oldest railway line in the Ottoman Empire after the Cairo–Alexandria line (1856) in the Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt.

İzmir Municipality's urban ferry services in the Gulf of İzmir

İzmir Metro has around 173,000 daily passengers.

View from the top of the Asansör in Izmir

The «Atatürk, His Mother and Women's Rights» monument at Karşıyaka seaside in Izmir, Turkey

It is the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara and the second largest urban agglomeration on the Aegean Sea after Athens.

Council of Chalcedon

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The fourth ecumenical council of the Christian Church.

Spectrum of Christological views in late antiquity

Council of Chalcedon in the Nuremberg Chronicle

The council convened in the city of Chalcedon, Bithynia (modern-day Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey) from 8 October to 1 November 451 AD. The council was attended by 520 bishops or their representatives, making it the largest and best-documented of the first seven ecumenical councils.

Protests on 6 June, with the slogan "Do not submit!"

Gezi Park protests

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2011 protests against internet censorship.

Taksim Military Barracks, built 1806, turned into Taksim Stadium in 1921, and demolished in 1940.

Gezi Park as seen from the Marmara Hotel on Taksim Square.

A damaged NTV broadcast van and a car at Taksim Square.

A bulldozer later nicknamed POMA was hijacked by Çarşı members and used against police forces' TOMA vehicles

Front side of Atatürk Cultural Center covered with banners

Riot police clearing Gezi Park on 15 June

A public bus damaged and vandalized with graffiti text calling Erdogan a son of a bitch

The Gezi Park protests at Kizilay, Ankara in June 2013. The protesters with flags and torches protesting the Gezi Park at the city center of Ankara, Turkey.

Istanbul LGBT Pride 2013 at Taksim Square

A free veterinarian Clinic at Taksim Gezi Park, 7 June

Graffiti showing the words "At least 3 beers", which parodies the government's regulation of sale of alcohol between 22:00 to 06:00 and Erdoğan's advice of 3 children.

Public park forums' map by the districts in Istanbul, during the 2013 protests in Turkey.

Public park forums' map by the provinces in Turkey, during the 2013 protests in Turkey.

Protesters on İstiklal Avenue in Beyoğlu, Istanbul.

The ad published in The New York Times by protesters.

The "Standing Man" protest, initiated by Erdem Gündüz

Güvenpark monument in Ankara after the protests, in which the graffiti is overpainted

Police officer firing tear gas. Istanbul, 15/16 June

TOMA vehicles with water cannons were widely used by police

Police action during Gezi park protests in Istanbul. 15 June 2013

A volunteer assists in medical help at Taksim Square.

Deathplace of Ethem Sarısülük in Kızılay, Ankara. Had set as the memorial place in post-40 days.

Protesters applaud a whirling Sufi wearing a gas mask.

Many women in headscarves attended the protests, despite the fact that pro-AKP media spread disinformation that they were being attacked by the protesters

A banner in Kurdish in Gezi Park during protests remembering the Assassination of Hrant Dink, a prominent Turkish-Armenian journalist: "For Hrant, For Justice (Ji Bo Hrant, Ji Bo Dade ê)"

Banner about Gezi Park protest, 2022. "We are traveller("Gezi"ci), you are goner"

A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Turkey began on 28 May 2013, initially to contest the urban development plan for Istanbul's Taksim Gezi Park.

Constantine the Great summoned the bishops of the Christian Church to Nicaea to address divisions in the Church (mosaic in Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul), ca. 1000).

First Council of Nicaea

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The synod of Nicaea, Constantine and the condemnation and burning of Arian books, illustration from a northern Italian compendium of canon law, c. 825

The Council of Nicaea, with Arius depicted as defeated by the council, lying under the feet of Emperor Constantine

Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine and the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea (325) holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381

A fresco depicting the First Council of Nicaea at the Vatican's Sixtine Salon

The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325.

Circassians

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Indigenous Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation native to the historical country-region of Circassia in the North Caucasus.

Remaining Circassian populations in historic Circassia, 21st century

Alexey Cherkassky was the Chancellor of the Russian Empire, descended from the sovereign rulers of Circassia

A map of the expulsion of Circassians to the Ottoman Empire. The light-green area denotes the final borders of Circassians, who had already been pushed southwards prior to their expulsion to the Ottoman Empire. In the late 18th century, Circassians lost their northern territories, which do not appear in green on this map.

Russian-Circassian wrestler Beslan Mudranov won Russia's first gold medal of the Rio 2016 Olympics

The isolated Northwest Caucasian language family

The mosque of Abu Darwish (Adyghe descendant), one of the oldest mosques in Amman and considered as a major landmark.

An old country house and traditional cuisine with Haliva (Хьэлжъо, Helɀwa) and Mataz (Мэтазэ, Metaze), two of the prominent traditional Adyghe snacks.

Circassians commemorate the banishment of the Circassians from Russia in Taksim, İstanbul

Tuman bay II (reigned 1516–1517) the last Mamluk sultan of Adyghe origins

Adyghe horsemanship in Transjordan, April 1921

Serbian troops clashing with Circassians during the Serbian-Turkish War, 1876–1878

Circassian Prince Sefer Bey Zanuko in 1845

An Adyghe man from Kabarda tribe in regular (non-traditional) wear

A painting from 1843 of an Adyghe warrior by Sir William Allan

An Adyghe strike on a Russian Military Fort built over a Shapsugian village that aimed to free the Circassian Coast from the occupiers during the Russian-Circassian War, 22 March 1840

Kazbech Tuguzhoko, Circassian resistance leader

The mountaineers leave the aul, P. N. Gruzinsky, 1872

A Circassian noblewoman in the 19th century

As a consequence of the Circassian genocide, which was perpetrated by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during the Russo-Circassian War, most Circassians were exiled from their homeland in Circassia to modern-day Turkey and the rest of the Middle East, where the majority of them are concentrated today.

Council of Europe member states as of 16 March 2022.

Member states of the Council of Europe

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This coin was issued in Armenia to commemorate Armenia's accession to the Council in 2001.

The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten western and northern European states, with Greece joining three months later, and Iceland, Turkey and West Germany joining the next year.

The Golden Apple of Discord by Jacob Jordaens

Trojan War

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Waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta.

The Burning of Troy (1759/62), oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann

Musician figures from clay in Troy Museum.

The Judgement of Paris (1599) by Hendrick van Balen the Elder. Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

Thetis gives her son Achilles weapons forged by Hephaestus (detail of Attic black-figure hydria, 575–550 BC)

The Abduction of Helen (1530–39) by Francesco Primaticcio, with Aphrodite directing

A scene from the Iliad where Odysseus (Ulysses) discovers Achilles dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros. A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda, Spain, 4th–5th centuries AD

The Discovery of Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes (1664) by Jan de Bray

Philoctetes on Lemnos, with Heracles' bow and quiver (Attic red-figure lekythos, 420 BC)

Achilles' surrender of Briseis to Agamemnon, from the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii, fresco, 1st century AD, now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum

Achilles and Ajax engaged in a game, c. 540–530 BC, Vatican Museums

Chryses pleading with Agamemnon for his daughter (360–350 BC)

Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector's body around Troy, from a panoramic fresco of the Achilleion

The suicide of Ajax depicted on Greek pottery by Exekias, now on display at the Château-musée de Boulogne-sur-Mer

A fresco depicting Odysseus, Diomedes, and Cassandra, from Pompeii, Italy, 1st century BC – 1st century AD

The earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse, from the Mykonos vase c. 670 BC

Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, kills King Priam (detail of Attic black-figure amphora, 520–510 BC)

Menelaus captures Helen in Troy, Ajax the Lesser drags Cassandra from Palladium before eyes of Priam, fresco from the Casa del Menandro, Pompeii

Poseidon smites Ajax the Lesser, by Bonaventura Genelli (1798–1868)

The murder of Agamemnon (1879 illustration from Alfred Church's Stories from the Greek Tragedians)

Odysseus and Polyphemus by Arnold Böcklin: the Cyclops' curse delays the homecoming of Odysseus for another ten years

Aeneas Flees Burning Troy (1598) by Federico Barocci

Map showing the Hittite Empire, Ahhiyawa (possibly the Achaeans) and Wilusa (Troy)

Tabula Iliaca, a 1st-century BC Roman bas-relief depicting scenes from Trojan War narratives

In 1868, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert, who convinced Schliemann that Troy was a real city at what is now Hisarlik in Turkey.

Ottoman Navy

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The naval warfare arm of the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa defeated the Holy League of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria at the Battle of Preveza in 1538.

The Ottoman fleet during the Capture of Tunis at La Goulette in 1574.

In the siege of Nice in 1543, the combined forces of the Franco-Ottoman alliance managed to capture the city.

Ottoman fleet anchored at the French port of Toulon in 1543. Miniature by Matrakçı Nasuh, who was travelling with the fleet.

Selman Reis defending Jeddah against a Portuguese attack in 1517.

Ottoman and Acehnese guns, dismantled following the Dutch conquest of Aceh in 1874. Illustrated London News.

Surviving fragment of the first world map of Ottoman admiral Piri Reis (1513) showing the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas.

Zaporozhian Cossacks in chaika boats, destroying Ottoman galleys and capturing Caffa in 1616.

German map of the final phase of the siege of Candia during the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1645–1669. It clearly illustrates the city's trace italienne fortifications, and the proximity of the characteristic Ottoman siege trenches.

(1829), built by the Imperial Naval Arsenal on the Golden Horn in Constantinople, was for many years the largest warship in the world. A ship of the line with 128 guns on 3 decks, she participated in numerous important naval battles, including the siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) during the Crimean War.

Nordenfelt-class Ottoman submarine (1886) was the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged under water. Two submarines of this class, Nordenfelt II (, 1886) and Nordenfelt III (, 1887) joined the Ottoman fleet. They were built in pieces by Des Vignes (Chertsey) and Vickers (Sheffield) in England, and assembled at the Taşkızak Naval Shipyard in Constantinople (Istanbul).

Ottoman submarine Abdül Hamid at the Taşkızak Naval Shipyard in Constantinople (Istanbul), 1886.

The two dreadnought battleships purchased by the Ottoman Navy but seized by the British government a short time before delivery, due to the outbreak of World War I in 1914: (renamed, in the foreground) and (renamed, at left).

Fantasy drawing of Sultan Osman I underway for the Ottoman Navy. The royal yacht Ertuğrul is at left, and the cruiser Hamidiye is in the background.

The Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn in Constantinople, in the early days of WWI.

Ottoman battlecruiser (formerly SMS Goeben) in 1914

was a torpedo boat (in service between 1910–1923) that sank the pre-dreadnought battleship
during the Battle of Gallipoli in World War I. Considered in the same league as the minelayer in terms of the role that she played in the naval engagements during the battle, Muâvenet-i Millîye strongly influenced the course of the conflicts by generating a domino effect which caused the failure of the Allied strategy.

Silhouettes of the warships of the Ottoman Navy, as projected for 1914 (including the undelivered dreadnought Sultan Osman-ı Evvel)

Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nezareti) in the Kasımpaşa quarter of the Beyoğlu district in Istanbul, along the northern shoreline of the Golden Horn. It is currently the headquarters of the Northern Sea Area Command (Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı) of the Turkish Navy.

Turkish Naval High School (1773) in Heybeliada Island near Istanbul.

"Göke" (1495) was the flagship of Kemal Reis

Barbarossa's galley during his campaign in France (1543–1544)

Ships of the Indian ocean, including an Ottoman carrack on the right.

After the end of the Ottoman Empire and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Navy's tradition was continued under the modern Turkish Naval Forces.

Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer Piri Reis' historical map of Cyprus

Cyprus problem

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Ongoing dispute between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots.

A Greek Cypriot demonstration in the 1930s in favour of Enosis (union) with Greece

The north–south checkpoint has been open since 2003

Proposed flag of the United Republic of Cyprus

Former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan was the creator of the Annan plan.

Greek Cypriot negotiator Andreas Mavroyiannis and the Turkish Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs Feridun Sinirlioğlu, in Ankara, within the scope of the 2014 Cyprus talks

Under the control of the Republic of Cyprus
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkey
Greece

The international complications of the dispute stretch beyond the boundaries of the island of Cyprus itself and involve the guarantor powers under the Zürich and London Agreement (Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom), the United Nations, and the European Union, along with (unofficially) the United States and formerly the interference of Czechoslovakia and the Eastern Bloc.