Turkish language and Related Topics

Turkey

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Transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe.

Some henges at Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC, predating those of Stonehenge, England, by over seven millennia.

The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I

The Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683 (the First Siege was in 1529) initiated the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) between the Ottomans and a Holy League of European states.

Armenian civilians being deported during the Armenian genocide

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of the Turkish Republic, with the Liberal Republican Party leader Fethi Okyar (right) and Okyar's daughter in Yalova, 13 August 1930.

Eighteen female deputies joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections. Turkish women gained the right to vote and to hold elected office as a mark of the far-reaching social changes initiated by Atatürk.

Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference, 1943.

Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays, such as Republic Day on 29 October.

Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace is a courthouse in the Şişli district of Istanbul.

After becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005.

The Turkish Armed Forces collectively rank as the second-largest standing military force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces. Turkey joined the alliance in 1952.

The 2015 G20 Summit held in Antalya, Turkey, a founding member of the OECD (1961) and G20 (1999).

TAI Anka and Bayraktar TB2 are the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) used by the Turkish Armed Forces.

TCG Anadolu (L-400) is an amphibious assault ship-aircraft carrier developed for the Turkish Navy

Feminist demonstration in Kadıköy, Istanbul on 29 July 2017

Turkish journalists protesting the imprisonment of their colleagues on Human Rights Day in 2016.

Istanbul Pride organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul were denied permission by the government. The denials were based on security concerns, but critics claimed the bans were ideological. Despite the refusal hundreds of people defied the ban each year.

Sumela Monastery in the Pontic Mountains, which form an ecoregion with diverse temperate rainforest types, flora and fauna in northern Anatolia.

A white Turkish Angora cat with odd eyes (heterochromia), which is common among the Angoras.

Istanbul is the largest city and financial centre of Turkey.

A proportional representation of Turkey's exports, 2019

Istanbul Airport main terminal building has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and making it the world's largest airport terminal building under a single roof.

A TCDD HT80000 high-speed train of the Turkish State Railways

Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2 and Göktürk-3 are the Earth observation satellites of the Turkish Ministry of National Defense, while state-owned Türksat operates the Türksat series of communications satellites.

Total fertility rate in Turkey by province (2021)

CIA map of areas with a Kurdish majority

Sancaklar Mosque is a contemporary mosque in Istanbul

The Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue, in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul. There are 234 active churches in the city.

Istanbul Technical University is the world's third-oldest technical university.

Istanbul University was founded in 1453 as a Darülfünûn. On 1 August 1933 it was reorganised and became the Republic's first university.

Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade neighborhood of Üsküdar, İstanbul

Ortaköy Mosque is a good example of the Westernisation of Islamic-Ottoman architecture. Many Baroque architecture elements can be seen in it.

Ottoman miniature which can be linked to the Persian miniature tradition, as well as strong Chinese artistic influences.

Namık Kemal's works had a profound influence on Atatürk and other Turkish statesmen who established the Turkish Republic.

Nobel-laureate Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk and his Turkish Angora cat at his personal writing space

Süreyya Opera House is situated in the Asian side of Istanbul and Atatürk Cultural Center is the main Opera House in the European side of the city.

Referred to as Süperstar by the Turkish media, Ajda Pekkan is a prominent figure of Turkish pop music, with a career spanning decades and a repertoire of diverse musical styles.

Barış Manço was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the Anatolian rock genre.

Turkey won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

VakıfBank S.K. has won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship in 2017 and 2018, and the 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League for the fourth time in their history.

TRT World is the international news platform of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation.

The closing ceremony of the annual International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival takes place at the Aspendos amphitheatre.

The official language is Turkish, which is the most widely spoken Turkic language in the world.

Old Turkic Kul-chur inscription with the Old Turkic alphabet . Töv Province, Mongolia

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and Western Asia.

The 10th-century Irk Bitig ("Book of Divination") from Dunhuang, written in Old Uyghur language with the Orkhon script, is an important literary source for early Turko-Mongol mythology.

Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur language with Old Uyghur alphabet on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass

A classification scheme of all the Turkic languages

The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish, spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans; its native speakers account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.

Ottoman Empire

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Empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, depicted in an Ottoman miniature from 1523

Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's entry into Constantinople; painting by Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929)

An Ottoman miniature of the Battle of Mohács in 1526

Map of Ottoman territorial acquisitions up to 1683

The Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, by Frans Geffels (1624–1694).

Austrian troops led by Prince Eugene of Savoy captured Belgrade in 1717. Austrian control in Serbia lasted until the Turkish victory in the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739). With the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade, the Ottoman Empire regained northern Bosnia, Habsburg Serbia (including Belgrade), Oltenia and the southern parts of the Banat of Temeswar.

Ottoman troops attempting to halt the advancing Russians during the Siege of Ochakov in 1788

Selim III receiving dignitaries during an audience at the Gate of Felicity, Topkapı Palace. Painting by Konstantin Kapıdağlı.

The siege of the Acropolis in 1826–1827 during the Greek War of Independence

Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1876. The First Constitutional Era lasted only two years until 1878. The Ottoman Constitution and Parliament were restored 30 years later with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908.

Ottoman troops storming Fort Shefketil during the Crimean War of 1853–1856

The Empire in 1875 under sultan Abdul-Aziz

Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman millets in 1908

Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, who commanded the Black Sea Raid on 29 October 1914, and his officers in Ottoman naval uniforms

The Armenian genocide was the result of the Ottoman government's deportation and ethnic cleansing policies regarding its Armenian citizens after the Battle of Sarikamish (1914–1915) and the collapse of the Caucasus Front against the Imperial Russian Army and Armenian volunteer units during World War I. An estimated 600,000 to more than 1 million, or up to 1.5 million people were killed.

Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, 17 November 1922

Inside Harem, the private residence of the sultan in Topkapı Palace

Yusuf Ziya Pasha, Ottoman ambassador to the United States, in Washington, 1913

An unhappy wife complains to the Qadi about her husband's impotence as depicted in an Ottoman miniature.

Ottoman sipahis in battle, holding the crescent banner (by Józef Brandt)

Selim III watching the parade of his new army, the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) troops, in 1793

A German postcard depicting the Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn in the early stages of World War I. At top left is a portrait of Sultan Mehmed V.

Administrative divisions in 1899 (year 1317 Hijri)

A European bronze medal from the period of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, 1481

The Ottoman Bank was founded in 1856 in Constantinople. On 26 August 1896, the bank was occupied by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

View of Galata (Karaköy) and the Galata Bridge on the Golden Horn, c. 1880–1893

1911 Ottoman calendar shown in several different languages such as: Ottoman Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Hebrew, Bulgarian and French.

Abdülmecid II was the last caliph of Islam and a member of the Ottoman dynasty.

Mehmed the Conqueror and Patriarch Gennadius II

The original Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul was built in 1725 by the local Italian community of Istanbul.

Depiction of a hookah shop in Lebanon, Ottoman Empire

Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884.

Ahmet Nedîm Efendi, one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets

Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, designed by Sinan in the 16th century and a major example of the Classical Ottoman style

Ottoman miniature lost its function with the Westernization of Ottoman culture.

Girl Reciting the Qurān (Kuran Okuyan Kız), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath Osman Hamdi Bey, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities.

Members of Galatasaray S.K. (football) in 1905

Miniature from Surname-i Vehbi showing the Mehteran, the music band of the Janissaries

The shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Musicians and dancers entertain the crowds, from Surname-i Hümayun, 1720.

In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("The Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

A map of the independent beyliks in Anatolia during the early 1300s.

Turkish people

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The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922.

The loss of almost all Ottoman territories during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, in 1923, produced waves of Turkish refugees, who were known as "Muhacirs", who fled from hostile regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea, the Aegean islands, the island of Cyprus, the Sanjak of Alexandretta, the Middle East, and the Soviet Union to migrate to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace.

People on the Anafartalar Boulevard, Ankara in the 1950s

Turkish people at the 2007 Republic Protests in the capital city of Ankara supporting the principle of state secularism.

Percentage of Ethnic Turks in Bulgaria by Province (2011)

Turkish Meskhetians wearing T-shirts that read: 14 November 1944, We have not forgotten the deportation.

An Iraqi Turkmen girl in traditional Turkish costume.

As of 2020, the Turks in Germany number between 4 million and 7 million (i.e. 5–9% of Germany's population). With approximately 2 million Turks in Berlin, the German capital is the largest Turkish populated city outside Turkey

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk introducing the modern Turkish alphabet to the people of Kayseri in 1928.

The flag of the Centar Župa Municipality in North Macedonia is labelled with Macedonian and Turkish writing in its central banner.

A bilingual road sign (Turkish and Arabic) in Iraq.

The Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey, is an example of Ottoman imperial architecture.

The Hala Sultan Tekke in Larnaca, Cyprus, is an example of Ottoman provincial architecture. As the resting place of Umm Haram, it is one of the holiest sites in Islam and an important pilgrimage site for the largely secular Turkish Cypriot community.

The neo-Ottoman Cologne Central Mosque in Cologne is the largest mosque in Germany, and mostly serves the Turkish German community.

The neo-Ottoman Westermoskee in Amsterdam is the largest mosque in the Netherlands, and mostly serves the Turkish Dutch community.

Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture.

The Turkish people, or simply the Turks (Türkler), are the world's largest Turkic ethnic group; they speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.

Ottoman Turkish

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Calendar in Thessaloniki 1896, a cosmopolitan city; the first three lines in Ottoman script

Ottoman Turkish (, ; Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE).

A copy of Ataturk's famous speech 'Nutuk' written in mechanical type.

Turkish alphabet

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Ottoman Turkish alphabet and 1930s modern Turkish alphabet guide, from the Republic Museum, Ankara

Atatürk introducing the new Turkish alphabet to the people of Kayseri. September 20, 1928

The Turkish alphabet is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.

Arabic

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Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE.

The Namara inscription, a sample of Nabataean script, considered a direct precursor of Arabic script.

Arabic from the Quran in the old Hijazi dialect (Hijazi script, 7th century AD)

The Qur'an has served and continues to serve as a fundamental reference for Arabic. (Maghrebi Kufic script, Blue Qur'an, 9th-10th century)

Coverage in Al-Ahram in 1934 of the inauguration of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, an organization of major importance to the modernization of Arabic.

Taha Hussein and Gamal Abdel Nasser were both staunch defenders of Standard Arabic.

Flag of the Arab League, used in some cases for the Arabic language

Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language (Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz 1916–1925).The flag contains the four Pan-Arab colors: black, white, green and red.

Arabic calligraphy written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.

Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Maldivian, Pashto, Punjabi, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, Tagalog, Sindhi, Odia Hebrew and Hausa and some languages in parts of Africa (e.g. Swahili, Somali).

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

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Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938.

The house where Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Salonika (Thessaloniki in present-day Greece), now a museum

The reconstructed house of Atatürk's paternal grandparents, in the Ottoman village of Kocacık (Kodžadžik in present-day North Macedonia)

Atatürk on the day of graduation from the War Academy in 1905

Atatürk (front row, second from left) with the Ottoman Turkish observers at the Picardie army manoeuvres in France, 28 September 1910

Atatürk (left) with an Ottoman military officer and Bedouin forces in Derna, Tripolitania Vilayet, 1912

Cevat Pasha and Atatürk on the daily Tasvîr-i Efkâr dated 29 October 1915

Atatürk with Ottoman military officers during the Battle of Gallipoli, Çanakkale, 1915

Atatürk in 1918, the Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group and an Honorary aide-de-camp of the Sultan

Atatürk (right) in Angora (Ankara) with İsmet Pasha (left)

Prominent nationalists at the Sivas Congress, left to right: Muzaffer (Kılıç), Rauf (Orbay), Bekir Sami (Kunduh), Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), Ruşen Eşref (Ünaydın), Cemil Cahit (Toydemir), Cevat Abbas (Gürer)

Atatürk inspects the Turkish troops on 18 June 1922

A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey

Atatürk at the opening ceremony of the Samsun-Çarşamba railroad (1928)

Atatürk in 1923, with members of the Mevlevi Order, before its institutional expression became illegal and their dervish lodge was changed into the Mevlana Museum. The Mevlevi Order managed to transform itself into a non-political organization which still exists.

Atatürk during the Republic Day celebrations on the second anniversary of the Turkish Republic, 29 October 1925.

Atatürk with his Panama hat just after the Kastamonu speech in 1925

Atatürk is greeted by marines in Büyükada (14 July 1927)

Atatürk at the 1927 opening of the State Art and Sculpture Museum

Atatürk at the library of the Çankaya Presidential Residence in Ankara, on 16 July 1929

Atatürk attending a class at the Law School of the Istanbul House of Multiple Sciences in 1930

Atatürk introducing the new Turkish alphabet to the people of Kayseri on 20 September 1928

In 1930, leaving the parliament after the 7th-year celebration meeting.

Atatürk with the Liberal Republican Party leader Fethi Okyar and his daughter in Yalova, on 13 August 1930

In 1931, during the establishment ceremony of the Turkish History Institution. Atatürk is standing with Afet İnan (on his left) and Yusuf Akçura (first from the left).

Atatürk at the opening of the Türkkuşu flight school in Etimesgut on 3 May 1935

Atatürk with King Amānullāh Khān of Afghanistan in Ankara, 1928. King Amānullāh attempted to emulate many of Atatürk's reforms in Afghanistan, but was overthrown.

Atatürk with King Faisal I of Iraq in Ankara, 1931

During a reception at the USSR Embassy in Ankara, on 7 November 1927

Exchanges on the concept of a Balkan Federation during the visit of Voroshilov, a vision of Atatürk's which was never achieved

Atatürk (center) hosting the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (at the left) in Ankara, October 1930

Atatürk (right) with Reza Shah Pahlavi (left) of Iran, during the Shah's visit to Turkey

Atatürk observes the Turkish troops during the military exercise on 28 May 1936

During the visit of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1931

Atatürk with Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas (second from right) at the Balkan Pact summit in Ankara, March 1938

Telegram sent by Atatürk after the local legislative assembly accepted his proposal for the Hatay State's flag

Atatürk and Celâl Bayar visiting the Sümerbank Nazilli Cotton Factory, which was established as a part of the cotton-related industry

Atatürk supported large-scale government subsidized industrial complexes, such as Sümerbank, increasingly after the Great Depression.

Atatürk and İsmet İnönü at Nazilli Cotton Factory (1937)

Kemal Atatürk and his wife Latife Uşakizâde during a trip to Bursa, 1924

A view from the state funeral of Atatürk, November 1938

Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Atatürk in Ankara, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on October 29.

Associated Press news article about the admiration of women from different parts of the world for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the handsome leader of the Turkish Republic.

Atatürk memorial on Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City

Atatürk in the days of the Mosul question, 1925

According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, Turkish-speaking and precariously middle-class.

Garden of Pleasures by Fuzûlî in Azerbaijani from 16th century.

Azerbaijani language

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Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, and in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, where the South Azerbaijani variety is spoken.

Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Iranian Azerbaijani poet, who wrote in Azerbaijani and Persian.

Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen are Oghuz languages

Knowledge of either of the two major Western Oghuz languages, Turkish or Azerbaijani in Europe

Azerbaijani language is closely related to Gagauz, Qashqai, Crimean Tatar, Turkish, and Turkmen, sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages.

Oghuz languages

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The Oghuz languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family, spoken by approximately 108 million people.

The three languages with the largest number of speakers are Turkish, Azerbaijani and Turkmen, which combined account for more than 95% of speakers.

A report on Turkish language

69 related topics with Alpha

Turkey

Turkic languages

Ottoman Empire

Turkish people

Ottoman Turkish

Turkish alphabet

Arabic

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Azerbaijani language

Oghuz languages