A report on Two-party system

In a two-party system, voters have mostly two options; in this sample ballot for an election in Summit, New Jersey, voters can choose between a Republican or Democrat, but there are no third party candidates.
Economist Jeffrey D. Sachs.
According to one view, the winner-takes-all system discourages voters from choosing third party or independent candidates, and over time the process becomes entrenched so that only two major parties become viable.
Equestrian portrait of William III by Jan Wyck, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688
In A Block for the Wigs (1783), James Gillray caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the center.

Political party system in which two major political parties consistently dominate the political landscape.

- Two-party system
In a two-party system, voters have mostly two options; in this sample ballot for an election in Summit, New Jersey, voters can choose between a Republican or Democrat, but there are no third party candidates.

35 related topics with Alpha

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A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and only one).

First-past-the-post voting

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In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP; formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts, or (informally) choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting or score voting ), voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins (even if the top candidate gets less than 50%, which can happen when there are more than two popular candidates).

In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP; formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts, or (informally) choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting or score voting ), voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins (even if the top candidate gets less than 50%, which can happen when there are more than two popular candidates).

A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and only one).
Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections
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Regional Parties achieve proportionally more seats than their vote share. Votes (left) v Seats (right) 2019 UK general election with Conservative and Labour removed.
A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the seats won by parties (outer circle) at the 2015 UK general election

Duverger's law is an idea in political science which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post methods will lead to two-party systems, given enough time.

Coalition (Australia)

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Alliance of centre-right political parties that forms one of the two major groupings in Australian federal politics.

Alliance of centre-right political parties that forms one of the two major groupings in Australian federal politics.

Political advertisement in The Bulletin promoting the Coalition at the 1943 federal election

Its main opponent is the Australian Labor Party (ALP); the two forces are often regarded as operating in a two-party system.

Duverger's law

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In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot plurality-rule elections (such as first past the post) structured within single-member districts tend to favor a two-party system.

An example of a plurality ballot

Plurality voting

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Electoral system in which a candidate, or candidates, who poll more than any other counterpart , are elected.

Electoral system in which a candidate, or candidates, who poll more than any other counterpart , are elected.

An example of a plurality ballot
A graph showing the difference between the popular vote and the number of seats won by major political parties at the 2005 United Kingdom general election
A ballot with a potential wasted vote goes into the voting box

Duverger's law is a theory that constituencies that use first-past-the-post systems will have a two-party system after enough time.

The Australian Senate in 1923

Australian Senate

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Upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the lower house being the House of Representatives.

Upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the lower house being the House of Representatives.

The Australian Senate in 1923
The Senate chamber at Old Parliament House, Canberra, where the Parliament met between 1927 and 1988.
Senate ballot paper used in Victoria for 2016
The Australian Senate
A Senate committee room in Parliament House, Canberra

The proportional election system within each state ensures that the Senate incorporates more political diversity than the lower house, which is basically a two party body.

Democratic Party (United States)

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Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States (1829–1837) and the first Democratic president.
Martin Van Buren was the eighth president of the United States (1837–1841) and the second Democratic president.
Senator Stephen A. Douglas
The 1885 inauguration of Grover Cleveland, the only president with non-consecutive terms
Leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on 14 June 1913: Secretary of State William J. Bryan, Josephus Daniels, President Woodrow Wilson, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, 32nd and 33rd presidents of the United States (1933–1945; 1945–1953), featured on a campaign poster for the 1944 presidential election
John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, 35th and 36th presidents of the United States (1961–1963, 1963–1969)
Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States (1977–1981), delivering the State of the Union Address in 1979
Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), at The Pentagon in 1998
Barack Obama speaking to College Democrats of America in 2007
President Barack Obama meeting with the Blue Dog Coalition in the State Dining Room of the White House in 2009
Eleanor Roosevelt at the 1956 Democratic National Convention in Chicago
President Barack Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law at the White House on March 23, 2010
Secretary of State John Kerry addressing delegates at the United Nations before signing the Paris Agreement on April 22, 2016
Shirley Chisholm was the first major-party African American candidate to run nationwide primary campaigns.
President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Immigration Act of 1965 as Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Senators Edward M. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy and others look on
Then-Senator Barack Obama shaking hands with an American soldier in Basra, Iraq in 2008
President Jimmy Carter and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in 1978
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu meeting with President Barack Obama at Ben Gurion Airport in 2013
Self-identified Democrats (blue) versus self-identified Republicans (red) (January–June 2010 data)
Higher percentages of Democrats than Republicans are members of union households.
Elected at age 33, Jon Ossoff is currently the youngest member of the U.S. Senate.
Hillary Clinton was the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party.
Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg
Vice President Kamala Harris
Julián Castro served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
U.S. Senator Tammy Duckworth
Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland
Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi
U.S. Senator Kyrsten Sinema
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer
U.S. opinion on gun control issues is deeply divided along political lines, as shown in this 2021 survey.

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

Conservative Party (UK)

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Robert Peel, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, served as the first Conservative Secretary of State.
Winston Churchill, who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1929 Conservative poster attacking the Labour Party
Harold Macmillan is closely associated with the post-war settlement.
Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1970–1974)
Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990–1997)
Rail modal share (rail's share of total travel), 1952–2015
David Cameron, Prime Minister (2010–2016)
Theresa May, Prime Minister (2016-2019
Prime Minister Theresa May, right, with U.S. President Donald Trump, left, at a joint press conference in 2019
Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2019–present)
Conservative Party supporters at Pride London in 2010
Margaret Thatcher (second left), Ronald Reagan (far left) and their respective spouses in 1988. Thatcher and Reagan developed a close relationship against the Soviet Union.
The National Conservative Convention is held during the Conservative Party Conference.
Share of the vote received by Conservatives (blue), Whigs/Liberals/Liberal Democrats (orange), Labour (red) and others (grey) in general elections since 1832
The Conservatives' "oak tree" logo in Union Jack colours at the 2011 party conference.

The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, and also known colloquially as the Tories, is one of two main political parties in the United Kingdom, alongside its primary rival since the 1930s, the Labour Party.

Coat of arms

Politics of Australia

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The politics of Australia take place within the framework of a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

The politics of Australia take place within the framework of a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

Coat of arms
Parliament House, Canberra.
Government House, Canberra, also known as "Yarralumla", is the official residence of the Governor-General.
High Court building, view from Lake Burley Griffin
Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia from 2010 to 2013 and the first female Prime Minister of the country.
Map showing the states of Australia and their governing political parties as of 2022.
States and territories of Australia
Sir Robert Menzies of the Liberal party, Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister

Australia is the world's sixth oldest continuous democracy and largely operates as a two-party system in which voting is compulsory.

The House of Representatives elected in 2010, with a 72-72 tie between the Labor Party and the Opposition Coalition.

Hung parliament

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Term used in legislatures under the Westminster system to describe a situation in which no single political party or pre-existing coalition has an absolute majority of legislators (commonly known as members or seats) in a parliament or other legislature.

Term used in legislatures under the Westminster system to describe a situation in which no single political party or pre-existing coalition has an absolute majority of legislators (commonly known as members or seats) in a parliament or other legislature.

The House of Representatives elected in 2010, with a 72-72 tie between the Labor Party and the Opposition Coalition.
15th Lok Sabha elected in 2009 Indian general election was India's last hung parliament.
The House of Commons following the 2017 general election. No party had a majority.
The 44th Canadian Parliament elected in the 2021 Canadian federal election was Canada's most recent hung parliament.

The term hung parliament is most often used of parliaments dominated by two major parties or coalitions.

The Australian House of Representatives in 1901

Australian House of Representatives

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Lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate.

Lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate.

The Australian House of Representatives in 1901
Frontbench and despatch box
The House of Representatives chamber at Old Parliament House, Canberra, where the Parliament met between 1927 and 1988
2016 House of Representatives ballot paper used in the Division of Higgins
House of Representatives committee room, Parliament House, Canberra
House of Representatives' entrance
Inside the House of Representatives

Prior to the 1909 merger of the two non-Labor parties, a three-party system existed in the chamber, with a two-party system in place since.