A report on Volcano and Types of volcanic eruptions

Bromo volcano in Indonesia. This country has more than 130 active volcanoes, one of which is a supervolcano, making Indonesia the country with the most active volcanoes in the world.

Some of the eruptive structures formed during volcanic activity (counterclockwise): a Plinian eruption column, Hawaiian pahoehoe flows, and a lava arc from a Strombolian eruption

Cordillera de Apaneca volcanic range in El Salvador. The country is home to 170 volcanoes, 23 which are active, including two calderas, one being a supervolcano. El Salvador has earned the epithets endearment La Tierra de Soberbios Volcanes, (The Land of Magnificent Volcanoes).

Diagram showing the scale of VEI correlation with total ejecta volume

Sabancaya volcano erupting, Peru in 2017

Diagram of a Hawaiian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lava fountain 3. Crater 4. Lava lake 5. Fumaroles 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) [[:File:Hawaiian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].

Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station, May 2006

Ropey pahoehoe lava from Kilauea, Hawaii

An eruption of Mount Pinatubo on June 12, 1991, three days before its climactic eruption

Diagram of a Strombolian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Volcanic ash rain 4. Lava fountain 5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Dike 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Sill) [[:File:Strombolian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].

Fountain of lava erupting from a volcanic cone in Hawaii, 1983

An example of the lava arcs formed during Strombolian activity. This image is of Stromboli itself.

Aerial view of the Barren Island, Andaman Islands, India, during an eruption in 1995. It is the only active volcano in South Asia.

Diagram of a Vulcanian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Lava fountain 4. Volcanic ash rain 5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) [[:File:Vulcanian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version.]]

Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries)

Lakagigar fissure vent in Iceland, the source of the major world climate alteration of 1783–84, has a chain of volcanic cones along its length.

Diagram of Peléan eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Volcanic ash rain 3. Lava dome 4. Volcanic bomb 5. Pyroclastic flow 6. Layers of lava and ash 7. Stratum 8. Magma conduit 9. Magma chamber 10. Dike) [[:File:Pelean Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].

Skjaldbreiður, a shield volcano whose name means "broad shield"

Diagram of a Plinian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Magma conduit 3. Volcanic ash rain 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Magma chamber) [[:File:Plinian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].

Izalco volcano, the youngest volcano in El Salvador. Izalco erupted almost continuously from 1770 (when it formed) to 1958, earning it the nickname of "Lighthouse of the Pacific".

21 April 1990 eruptive column from Redoubt Volcano, as viewed to the west from the Kenai Peninsula

Cross-section through a stratovolcano (vertical scale is exaggerated):

Lahar flows from the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, which totally destroyed Armero in Colombia

Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

Pāhoehoe lava flow on Hawaii. The picture shows overflows of a main lava channel.

Diagram of a Surtseyan eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Compressed ash 3. Crater 4. Water 5. Layers of lava and ash 6. Stratum 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) [[:File:Surtseyan Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].

The Stromboli stratovolcano off the coast of Sicily has erupted continuously for thousands of years, giving rise to its nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean"

Diagram of a Submarine eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Water 3. Stratum 4. Lava flow 5. Magma conduit 6. Magma chamber 7. Dike 8. Pillow lava) [[:File:Submarine Eruption-numbers.svg|Click to enlarge]].

Columnar-jointed basalt lava erupted from a volcano, South Penghu Marine National Park in Taiwan

A diagram of a Subglacial eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Crater lake 3. Ice 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Pillow lava 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) [[:File:Subglacial Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].

Light-microscope image of tuff as seen in thin section (long dimension is several mm): The curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed around bubbles of expanding, water-rich gas.

Fresco with Mount Vesuvius behind Bacchus and Agathodaemon, as seen in Pompeii's House of the Centenary

Diagram of a phreatic eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Magma conduit 3. Layers of lava and ash 4. Stratum 5. Water table 6. Explosion 7. Magma chamber)

Narcondam Island, India, is classified as a dormant volcano by the Geological Survey of India

Pyroclastic flows at Mayon Volcano, Philippines, 1984

Fourpeaked volcano, Alaska, in September 2006 after being thought extinct for over 10,000 years

The lava spine that developed after the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée

Mount Rinjani eruption in 1994, in Lombok, Indonesia

Mount Lamington following the devastating 1951 eruption

Surtsey, erupting 13 days after breaching the water. A tuff ring surrounds the vent.

Capulin Volcano National Monument in New Mexico, US

$The fissure formed by the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, an example of a fracture zone eruption$

Koryaksky volcano towering over Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on Kamchatka Peninsula, Far Eastern Russia

Schematic of volcano injection of aerosols and gases

Solar radiation graph 1958–2008, showing how the radiation is reduced after major volcanic eruptions

Sulfur dioxide concentration over the Sierra Negra Volcano, Galapagos Islands, during an eruption in October 2005

Comparison of major United States supereruptions (VEI 7 and 8) with major historical volcanic eruptions in the 19th and 20th century. From left to right: Yellowstone 2.1 Ma, Yellowstone 1.3 Ma, Long Valley 6.26 Ma, Yellowstone 0.64 Ma . 19th century eruptions: Tambora 1815, Krakatoa 1883. 20th century eruptions: Novarupta 1912, St. Helens 1980, Pinatubo 1991.

The Tvashtar volcano erupts a plume 330 km (205 mi) above the surface of Jupiter's moon Io.

Olympus Mons (Latin, "Mount Olympus"), located on the planet Mars, is the tallest known mountain in the Solar System.

Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists.

- Types of volcanic eruptions

The material that is expelled in a volcanic eruption can be classified into three types:

- Volcano

12 related topics with Alpha

Ash cloud from the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile, stretching across Patagonia from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean

Volcanic ash

2 links

Ash plume rising from Eyjafjallajökull on April 17, 2010

Volcanic ash deposits on a parked McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-30 during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, causing the aircraft to rest on its tail. While falling ash behaves in a similar manner to snow, the sheer weight of deposits can cause serious damage to buildings and vehicles, as seen here, where the deposits were able to cause the 120 ton airliner's centre of gravity to shift.

Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano in the Aleutian Islands

454 million-year-old volcanic ash between layers of limestone in the catacombs of Peter the Great's Naval Fortress in Estonia near Laagri. This is a remnant of one of the oldest large eruptions preserved. The diameter of the black camera lens cover is 58 mm.

Particle of volcanic ash from Mount St. Helens

Light microscope image of ash from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington

Volcanic ash grain size distributions from four volcanic eruptions

Ash plume rising from Mount Redoubt after an eruption on April 21, 1990

Ash plume and ash fallout at Mount Pagan, May 1994

Electrical insulator flashover caused by volcanic ash contamination

Water turbine from the Agoyan hydroelectric plant eroded by volcanic ash laden water

Coverage of the nine VAAC around the world

The AVOID instrument mounted on the fuselage of an AIRBUS A340 test aircraft

Interdependency of volcanic ashfall impacts from the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions

Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.

Lava

2 links

Molten or partially molten rock that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a moon onto its surface.

Lava flow during a rift eruption at Krafla, Iceland in 1984

Pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows side by side in Hawaii, September 2007

Toes of a pāhoehoe advance across a road in Kalapana on the east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano in Hawaii, United States

Columnar jointing in Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland

Lava entering the sea to expand the big island of Hawaii, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Lava enters the Pacific at the Big Island of Hawaii

Glowing aā flow front advancing over pāhoehoe on the coastal plain of Kilauea in Hawaii, United States

Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States

Block lava at Fantastic Lava Beds near Cinder Cone in Lassen Volcanic National Park

Pillow lava on the ocean floor near Hawaii

Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, is a stratovolcano.

A forested lava dome in the midst of the Valle Grande, the largest meadow in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, United States

Shiprock, New Mexico, United States: a volcanic neck in the distance, with a radiating dike on its south side

Lava can easily destroy entire towns. This picture shows one of over 100 houses destroyed by the lava flow in Kalapana, Hawaii, United States, in 1990.

Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1200 C. The volcanic rock resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called lava.

Lava viscosity determines the kind of volcanic activity that takes place when the lava is erupted.

Lava dome

1 links

One of the Inyo Craters, an example of a rhyolite dome

Lava domes in the crater of Mount St. Helens

The bulging cryptodome of Mt. St. Helens on April 27, 1980

Soufrière Hills lava spine before the 1997 eruption

Chao dacite coulée flow-domes (left center), northern Chile, viewed from Landsat 8

In volcanology, a lava dome is a circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano.

Around 6% of eruptions on Earth are lava dome forming.

Explosive eruption

1 links

Eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 12, 1991 (PST). Its ash would spread as far west as mainland South East Asia.

An early stage of the July 12, 2009, eruption of Sarychev volcano, seen from space

In volcanology, an explosive eruption is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type.

The sudden release of pressure causes the gases in the magma to suddenly froth and create volcanic ash and pumice, which is then ejected through the volcanic vent to create the eruption column commonly associated with explosive eruptions.

Eruption column

1 links

Eruption column over Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, 1991

Eruption column rising over Redoubt Volcano, Alaska

The eruption column produced by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens as seen from the village of Toledo, Washington.

An eruption column or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption.

If it does happen, then material reaching the bottom of the convective thrust region can no longer be adequately supported by convection and will fall under gravity, forming a pyroclastic flow or surge which can travel down the slopes of a volcano at speeds of over 100-200 kph.

Mayon

1 links

28th

An old photograph of the Cagsawa ruins with the façade still standing. The church was largely destroyed during the 1814 eruption of Mayon. Only the bell tower exists today.

Mayon with ash explosion at dawn on December 18, 2009

Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines

Mount Mayon erupting in the early morning of January 23, 2018.

The church tower is what remains of the Cagsawa Church, which was damaged by the 1814 eruption of Mayon. It withstood the damage done by Typhoon Durian (Reming) in 2006.

Mayon as viewed from Sumlang Lake in Daraga in May 2020

The concave profile, a hyperbolic sine curve of the volcano is due to the balance between erosion and eruption, defined by the angle of repose of ash.

Nearly 40,000 people were evacuated from the 8 km danger zone on the southeast flank of the volcano.

A volcanologist sampling lava using a rock hammer and a bucket of water

Volcanology

0 links

Eruption of Stromboli (Isole Eolie/Italia), ca. 100m (300ft) vertically. Exposure of several seconds. The dashed trajectories are the result of lava pieces with a bright hot side and a cool dark side rotating in mid-air.

Volcanologist examining tephra horizons in south-central Iceland.

A diagram of a destructive plate margin, where subduction fuels volcanic activity at the subduction zones of tectonic plate boundaries.

Eruption of Vesuvius in 1822. The eruption of CE 79 would have appeared very similar.

After the first eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, five more explosive eruptions occurred in 1980, including this event on July 22. This eruption sent pumice and ash 6 to 11 miles (10-18 kilometers) into the air, and was visible in Seattle, Washington, 100 miles (160 kilometers) to the north. The view here is from the south.

Pele's hair caught on a radio antenna mounted on the south rim of Puu Ōō, Hawaii, July 22, 2005

Spanish depiction of a volcanic eruption in Guatemala, 1775.

Krýsuvík, a thermal area in the Southwest of Iceland.

Sulphur deposit at Halemaʻumaʻu on Kīlauea in Big Island, Hawaii

Erosional dissection of an ash deposit at Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines.

The eruption of the geysir Strokkur in early morning.

Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena (volcanism).

Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice), rock and lava samples.