A report on Ulster

Ulster (coloured), showing Northern Ireland in pink and the Republic of Ireland part in green
A bronze statue commemorating The Flight of the Earls at Rathmullan in north County Donegal.
A modern Protestant mural in Belfast celebrating Oliver Cromwell and his activities.
Royal Avenue, Belfast. Photochrom print circa 1890–1900.
The results of the 1918 Irish general election, in which Sinn Féin and the Irish Parliamentary Party won the majority of votes on the island of Ireland, shown in the color green and light green respectively, with the exception being primarily in the East of the province of Ulster.
At White Park Bay
Countryside west of Ballynahinch
Mourne country cottage
The track of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee (CDRJC) restored next to Lough Finn, near Fintown station.
The approach of autumn, Tardree forest

One of the four traditional Irish provinces.

- Ulster

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Church of Ireland

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Christian church in Ireland and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion.

Christian church in Ireland and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion.

Pope Adrian IV, who claimed Ireland for the Papacy in 1155
Henry II with Thomas Becket; the 1155 intervention was the start of efforts to Anglicise the Irish church
James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh
The Seven Bishops acquitted, June 1688; a key factor in the removal of James, five later became Non-Jurors
Irish philosopher and Church of Ireland bishop George Berkeley
St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh
Lady Chapel, St. Patrick's Dublin
Saul church, a modern replica of an early church with a round tower, is built on the reputed spot of St Patrick's first church in Ireland.
St. Patrick's Flag
Interior of Christ Church Cathedral

Despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the new church, a large majority of the Irish remained loyal to the Church of Rome, while in Ulster the church was outnumbered by Presbyterians.

The traditional counties of Ireland subjected to plantations (from 1556 to 1620). This map is a simplified one, as in the case of some counties the area of land colonised did not cover the whole of the area coloured.

Plantations of Ireland

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Plantations in 16th- and 17th-century Kingdom of Ireland involved the confiscation of Irish-owned land by the English Crown and the colonisation of this land with settlers from Great Britain.

Plantations in 16th- and 17th-century Kingdom of Ireland involved the confiscation of Irish-owned land by the English Crown and the colonisation of this land with settlers from Great Britain.

The traditional counties of Ireland subjected to plantations (from 1556 to 1620). This map is a simplified one, as in the case of some counties the area of land colonised did not cover the whole of the area coloured.
A more detailed map of the areas subjected to plantations
Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the plantations
The Irish Gaelic chieftain receives the priest's blessing before departing to fight the English, who are shown in full armour.
Hugh O'Neill, who led Gaelic resistance to the English conquest of Ulster
A portion of the city walls of Derry, originally built in 1613–1619 to defend the plantation settlement there.
Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who amassed huge quantities of land in southern Ireland in the early 17th century
Lismore Castle, County Waterford, acquired by Boyle and turned from a fortress into a stately home
Thomas Wentworth, who planned a major seizure of Catholic-owned land in the late 1630s
Oliver Cromwell, under whose Commonwealth regime most Catholic land in Ireland was confiscated
Concentration of Irish Protestants in eastern and central Ulster.

In the 1570s, there was an attempt to colonize parts of east Ulster, which had formerly been part of the English Earldom of Ulster.

Bangor in 1914

Bangor, County Down

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Town in County Down, Northern Ireland.

Town in County Down, Northern Ireland.

Bangor in 1914
The Hereford Mappa Mundi
The Old Custom House
Bangor's main street in 1910 and 2015
Commemorative plaque on the Eisenhower Pier
The McKee Clock
Bangor West railway station, NI Railways
Bangor Castle

The shield is emblazoned with two ships, which feature the Red Hand of Ulster on their sails, denoting that Bangor is in the province of Ulster.

Provinces of Ireland in 900

Gaelic Ireland

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The Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the prehistoric era until the early 17th century.

The Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the prehistoric era until the early 17th century.

Provinces of Ireland in 900
A page from the Book of Kells, made by Gaelic monastic scribes in the 9th century
The Tuatha Dé Danann as depicted in John Duncan's "Riders of the Sidhe" (1911)
A reconstruction of an early Irish Christian chapel and high cross
A scene from The Image of Irelande (1581) showing a chieftain at a feast being entertained by a fili and a harper
Ruins of the O'Davoren law school at Cahermacnaghten, County Clare
Irish Gaels, c. 1575
A reconstructed roundhouse and ráth at Craggaunowen, County Clare
A horse rider from the Book of Kells
Irish Gaels in a painting from the 16th century
A cattle raid shown in The Image of Irelande (1581)
A fantasy painting showing legendary hero Cúchulainn in battle
The summit of the Hill of Tara
A map of the early Irish raids and colonies of Britain during and following Roman rule in Britain.
Ireland in 1014 showing the Island as a "patchwork" of various Gaelic Kingdoms: Ulaid, Airgíalla, Mide, Laigin, Munster, Connacht, Breifne and Aileach. Missing are kingdoms of Osraighe and Uí Maine. Norse settlements shown in red.
Ireland in 1300 showing lands held by native Irish (green) and lands held by Normans (pale).
Ireland in 1450 showing lands held by native Irish (green), the Anglo-Irish (blue) and the English king (dark grey).
Tudor Ireland c. 1500, Map of Ireland showing the approximate territories of the various Gaelic Kingdoms and Anglo-Norman Lordships.
Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone
Newgate, Dublin. 1608. Displaying the heads of Gaelic Irish rebels Cahir O'Doherty (right) and Phelim Reagh MacDaibhéid (left).
After Cromwell's victory, huge areas of land were confiscated from the Gaelic nobility and the Irish Catholics were banished to the lands of Connacht. The Commonwealth is said to have declared that all the Catholic Irish must go "to Hell or to Connaught".

Ulster: The Ulaid proper were in a sorry state all during this era, being squeezed between the emergent Ó Neill of Tír Eógain in the west, the MacDonnells, Clann Aodha Buidhe, and the Anglo-Normans from the east. Only Mag Aonghusa managed to retain a portion of their former kingdom with expansion into Iveagh. The two great success stories of this era were Ó Domhnaill of Tír Chonaill and Ó Neill of Tír Eógain. Ó Domhnaill was able to dominate much of northern Connacht to the detriment of its native lords, both Old English and Gaelic, though it took time to suborn the likes of Ó Conchobhair Sligigh and Ó Raghallaigh of Iar Breifne. Expansion southwards brought the hegemony of Tír Eógain, and by extension Ó Neill influence, well into the border lordships of Louth and Meath. Mag Uidir of Fear Manach would slightly later be able to build his lordship up to that of third most powerful in the province, at the expense of the Ó Raghallaigh of Iar Breifne and the MacMahons of Airgíalla.

Scotland

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Country that is part of the United Kingdom.

Country that is part of the United Kingdom.

The exposed interior of a house at Skara Brae
The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
James VI succeeded to the English and Irish thrones in 1603.
David Morier's depiction of the Battle of Culloden - An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745
The National Monument of Scotland on Calton Hill in Edinburgh is the national memorial to Scottish soldiers lost in the Napoleonic Wars
Walter Scott, whose Waverley Novels helped define Scottish identity in the 19th century
The Disruption Assembly; painted by David Octavius Hill
Deer stalkers on Glenfeshie Estate spying with monoculars, ca. 1858
Douglas Haig and Ferdinand Foch inspecting the Gordon Highlanders, 1918
Rudolf Hess, Deputy Führer of Nazi Germany, crashed his plane at Bonnyton Moor in the Scottish central belt in an attempt to make peace.
Royal Scots with a captured Japanese Hinomaru Yosegaki flag, Burma, 1945
The official reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in July 1999 with Donald Dewar, then first minister of Scotland (left) with Queen Elizabeth II (centre) and Presiding Officer Sir David Steel (right)
Iona in the Inner Hebrides
Gruinard Bay
The Scottish Highlands, located in the north and west of Scotland
Tiree in the Inner Hebrides is one of the sunniest locations in Scotland
A mountain hare (Lepus timidus) in Findhorn Valley, May 2004
Red deer stag with velvet antlers in Glen Torridon
Scotland population cartogram. The size of councils is in proportion to their population.
Iona Abbey, an early centre of Christianity in Scotland
Scotland has been a member of the British-Irish Council since 1999
First Minister Nicola Sturgeon meets President of the United States Joe Biden and President of Malawi Lazarus Chakwera, November 2021
First Minister Sturgeon meets with Katrín Jakobsdóttir, Prime Minister of Iceland, 2019
First Minister Henry McLeish meets US President George W. Bush in the Oval Office of the White House, April 2001
Donald Dewar, the first First Minister of Scotland, is often regarded as the Father of the Nation
The president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker and first minister Nicola Sturgeon
Glasgow City Chambers, seat of Glasgow City Council
The High Court of Justiciary building, Edinburgh, the supreme criminal court in Scotland
NHS Scotland's Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow. It is the largest hospital campus in Europe.
An oil platform in the North Sea
Edinburgh was the 13th-largest financial centre in the world in 2020.
The Bank of Scotland has its headquarters in Edinburgh and is one of the oldest operating banks in the world.
A Challenger 2 main battle tank of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
Type 45 destroyer HMS Daring (D32) was constructed at BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships, Glasgow
The Royal Arms of Scotland
The thistle, the national emblem of Scotland
Cock-a-leekie soup
Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the first working television system on 26 January 1926.
Scottish Television (STV) HQ in Glasgow
Scotland national football team in competition against Russia, 2019
The Old Course at St Andrews where golf originates from
Whitelee Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm on the British Isles.
The Forth Bridge in Edinburgh, a well-known structure in Scottish rail and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Air Traffic Control tower of Edinburgh Airport, Scotland's busiest airport by passenger numbers
Domestic rail services are operated by ScotRail.
The M8 motorway is the busiest motorway in Scotland, running from Glasgow to Edinburgh
A Caledonian MacBrayne ferry arriving in Castlebay, Barra

Ulster's Protestant population is mainly of lowland Scottish descent, and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million descendants of the Scots-Irish migration now living in the US.

Sir Phelim O'Neill

Felim O'Neill of Kinard

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Sir Phelim O'Neill
Charles I by Daniël Mijtens

Sir Phelim Roe O'Neill of Kinard (Irish: Féilim Rua Ó Néill na Ceann Ard; 1604–1653) was an Irish politician and soldier who started the Irish rebellion in Ulster on 23 October 1641.

Merchants Quay, Newry, in the late 19th century

Newry

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City in Northern Ireland, divided by the Clanrye river in counties Armagh and Down, 34 mi from Belfast and 67 mi from Dublin.

City in Northern Ireland, divided by the Clanrye river in counties Armagh and Down, 34 mi from Belfast and 67 mi from Dublin.

Merchants Quay, Newry, in the late 19th century
Hill Street in the early 1900s
Trevor Hill in the early 1900s
Catholic Cathedral of SS. Patrick and Colman, Newry

Newry lies in the most south-eastern part of both Ulster and Northern Ireland.

Battle of the Boyne between James II and William III, 11 July 1690, Jan van Huchtenburg

Williamite War in Ireland

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Conflict between Jacobite supporters of deposed monarch James II and Williamite supporters of his successor, William III.

Conflict between Jacobite supporters of deposed monarch James II and Williamite supporters of his successor, William III.

Battle of the Boyne between James II and William III, 11 July 1690, Jan van Huchtenburg
James II & VII
Schomberg (1615–1690), Williamite commander in Ireland; immensely experienced, he was a Marshal of France, England and Portugal.
French envoy d'Avaux, whose relationship with the Irish was one of mutual mistrust and dislike
The Boyne; an indecisive Williamite victory, in which Schomberg was killed (bottom right)
King John's Castle and Thomond Bridge at Limerick City. Limerick was besieged by the Williamites in 1690 and 1691.
Dutch general Ginkell; he advocated a cautious approach and attempted to end Jacobite resistance by offering a revised peace settlement.
Contemporary sketch of Aughrim, viewed from the Williamite lines, by Jan Wyk

Ireland was selected because some 75% of the population shared James' Catholicism, with Protestants concentrated in Ulster, where they comprised nearly 50% of the population.

The Orange Order flag, incorporating the colour orange, the purple star of the Williamites and the Saint George's Cross

Orange Order

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International Protestant fraternal order based in Northern Ireland and primarily associated with Ulster Protestants, particularly those of Ulster Scots heritage.

International Protestant fraternal order based in Northern Ireland and primarily associated with Ulster Protestants, particularly those of Ulster Scots heritage.

The Orange Order flag, incorporating the colour orange, the purple star of the Williamites and the Saint George's Cross
The Orange Order flag, incorporating the colour orange, the purple star of the Williamites and the Saint George's Cross
William III ("William of Orange") King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands
Dolly's Brae, site of the "Battle of Dolly's Brae" (1849) between Orangemen and Catholic Ribbonmen
An Orange banner showing the signing of the Ulster Covenant
Orangeman James Craig, the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.
Drumcree Church near Portadown.
Orange Order poster depicting historical and religious symbols.
An Orange Hall in Ballinrees bedecked with Union Flags.
An anti-Orange Order sign in Rasharkin.
Orangemen parading in Bangor on 12 July 2010.
Rasharkin Orange hall daubed with republican graffiti.
Clifton Street Orange Hall in Belfast designed by William Batt and completed in 1889, which has a protective cage. The equestrian statue on the roof by Harry Hems is the only one of King William III of Ireland, Scotland and England on any Orange hall in Ireland.
Thiepval Memorial Lodge parade in remembrance of the Battle of the Somme.
Orangemen carrying a banner of killed UVF member and Orangeman Brian Robinson in 2003.
Stoneyford Orange Hall in County Antrim.
An Orangewoman marching in an Orange Order parade in Glasgow.
An Orange Hall in Monaghan
Orange parade in Glasgow (1 June 2003)
An Orange Order parade in Hyde Park, London, June 2007
An Orange parade in Toronto (1860s).
A picture of the Orange Order headquarters in New York City during the 1871 riot.
Flag of the Grand Orange Lodge of Australia.
Former Orange hall in Auckland, New Zealand, now a church.
Flag of the Grand Orange Lodge of New Zealand.

Protestant opposition to Irish self-government under Roman Catholic influence was intense, especially in the Protestant-dominated province of Ulster.

Cartoon: British Liberal Party politicians are forced to endure the stink of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's "cigar" of Irish Home Rule. Former Prime Minister Lord Rosebery (left) and future Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (right) both regarded Home Rule as an electoral liability for the Liberals.

Irish Home Rule movement

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Movement that campaigned for self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Movement that campaigned for self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Cartoon: British Liberal Party politicians are forced to endure the stink of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's "cigar" of Irish Home Rule. Former Prime Minister Lord Rosebery (left) and future Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (right) both regarded Home Rule as an electoral liability for the Liberals.
Anti-Home Rule cartoon, 1891: it claims that Home Rule will bring economic benefits to middle class "patriots," but ruin to the peasantry.
Charles Stewart Parnell addressing a meeting
Gladstone at a debate on the Irish Home Rule Bill, 8 April 1886
Queensland Figaro and Punch cover, 16 March 1889, depicting Irish Australians offering enthusiastic support to Parnell's struggle for Home Rule.
The Home Rule Club, Kilkenny, founded in 1894
A sticker produced by Ulster loyalists to protest against Irish Home Rule {{efn|Sticker found glued on the inside of the cover of A History of the Siege of Londonderry ... as digitised by Internet Archive |undefined

Long, a firm unionist, felt free to shape Home Rule in Unionism's favour, and formalised dividing Ireland (and Ulster) into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.