University and Related Topics

Young children in a kindergarten in Japan

Education

Purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits.

A high-school senior (twelfth grade) classrooms in Calhan, Colorado, United States

Students in a laboratory, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University

Universities often host prominent guest speakers for student audiences, e.g. First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama delivering remarks at Peking University, Beijing, China

Carpentry is normally learned through apprenticeship with an experienced carpenter.

Teaching indigenous knowledge, models, and methods in Yanyuan County, Sichuan, China

A volunteer reads aloud to children in Laos.

Beijing Normal University, which is governed directly by the Chinese Ministry of Education, is an example of collaboration between different entities in the education sector.

Nalanda, ancient centre for higher learning

Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements published in 1607

World map indicating Education Index (according to 2007/2008 Human Development Report)

The OLPC laptop being introduced to children in Haiti

A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for three or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation rates of students from low income families.

John Locke's work Some Thoughts Concerning Education was written in 1693 and still reflects traditional education priorities in the Western world.

It spans the period between the typically universal compulsory, primary education to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education of ISCED 5 and 6 (e.g. university), and the ISCED 4 Further education or vocational school.

Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris (16th-century miniature)

Academic degree

Spanish Official University Education Legal Framework 02

Spanish Official University Education Legal Framework 01

The newly conferred bachelor's degree holders after graduation at King's College London, one of the founding colleges of the University of London

An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.

Harvard University, an Ivy League university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, routinely ranks as the best, or one of the best, institutions of higher learning in the world.

Higher education

Tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree.

Deakin University, one of Australia's 43 universities

Mean financial wealth of US families by education of the head of household, 1989-2010

Mean income of US families by education of the head of household, 1989-2010

Courtyard, Al-Qarawiyyin University, Fes, Morocco

University of Bologna, located in Bologna, Italy, is the oldest university created under that name in the world.<ref>Top Universities World University Rankings Retrieved 2010-1-6</ref><ref>Our History - Università di Bologna</ref><ref>{{cite book |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&q=the+oldest+university+in+the+world+Bologna&pg=PA18 |title = The Challenge of Bologna |author= Paul L. Gaston |year=2010|page=18|isbn=978-1-57922-366-3 }}</ref>

Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, located in Mexico City, Mexico, was the first and oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101392426|title=The first college in America: Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.|location=Washington DC|year=1936|author1=Steck|author2=Francis Borgia}}</ref> and the first and oldest major school of interpreters and translators in the New World.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es|title=The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|author=Lourdes Arencibia Rodriguez}}</ref>

The University of Pennsylvania considers itself the first institution in the United States of America to use the term "university" in its name.

The University of Cambridge is an institution of higher learning in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

McGill University is an institution of higher learning in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and one of two Canadian members of the Association of American Universities.

The Moscow State University is an institution of higher learning in Moscow, Russia.

The Jeffersonian architecture of Tsinghua University, an institution of higher learning in Beijing, China.

The University of Tokyo is an institution of higher learning in Tokyo, Japan.

The University of São Paulo is an institution of higher learning in São Paulo, Brazil.

In the US, higher education is provided by universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, conservatories, and institutes of technology, and certain college-level institutions, including vocational schools, universities of applied sciences, trade schools, and other career-based colleges that award degrees.

Science

Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

The first diagram of an evolutionary tree made by Charles Darwin in 1837

First global view of the ozone hole in 1983, using a space telescope

Radio light image of M87* black hole, made by the earth-spanning Event Horizon Telescope array in 2019

Supply and demand curve in economics, crossing over at the optimal equilibrium

A steam turbine with the case opened, such turbines produce most of the electricity used today

A diagram variant of scientific method represented as an ongoing process

Cover of the first issue of Nature, 4 November 1869

For Kuhn, the addition of epicycles in Ptolemaic astronomy was "normal science" within a paradigm, whereas the Copernican revolution was a paradigm shift.

Marie Curie was the first person to be awarded two Nobel Prizes: Physics in 1903 and Chemistry in 1911.

Picture of scientists in 200th anniversary of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, 1900

Medal of the Nobel Prize, one of the most well-known science awards

Budget of NASA as percentage of United States federal budget, peaking at 4.4% in 1966 and slowly decline since

Dinosaur exhibit in the Houston Museum of Natural Science

In the OECD, around two-thirds of research and development in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10% respectively by universities and government.

American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown.

Doctorate

Academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach").

Cover of the thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his Doctor of Medicine degree (1843)

The ancient ceremony of bestowing Complutense's Doctoral biretta.

Traditionally, the friends of a new doctor honored him painting a victor on the walls (in this case, the Seville Cathedral).

In 1861, Yale University awarded the first Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in the United States.

George Makdisi theorizes that the ijazah issued in early Islamic madrasahs was the origin of the doctorate later issued in medieval European universities.

Students attend a lecture at a tertiary institution: Helsinki University of Technology

Tertiary education

Educational level following the completion of secondary education.

Percentage of 25-29-year-olds who have completed at least four years of tertiary education, by wealth, selected countries, 2008-2014

The University of Pennsylvania, an American research university

Federal Polytechnic, Nekede in Owerri, Nigeria.

The World Bank, for example, defines tertiary education as including universities as well as trade schools and colleges.

14th-century image of a university lecture

Scholasticism

Medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

Universities developed in the large cities of Europe during this period, and rival clerical orders within the church began to battle for political and intellectual control over these centers of educational life.

University of Paris

Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris. From a 16th-century miniature.

Map showing the territories covered by the four nations of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages.

Rue Saint-Jacques and the Sorbonne in Paris

The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th-century engraving

The Sorbonne as seen from rue des Écoles.

The University of Paris (Université de Paris), metonymically known as the Sorbonne, was the leading university in Paris, France, active from 1150 to 1970, with the exception of 1793–1806 under the French Revolution.

The enrollment of some students in the University of Bologna.

Postgraduate education

Required, and it is normally considered to be part of higher education.

For historical reasons dating back to the French Revolution of 1789, France has a dual education system, with Grandes Écoles on one side, and universities on the other hand, with the Grandes Écoles.