A report on Vedas

Four Vedas
The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the Atharvaveda.
Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari
A page from the Taittiriya Samhita, a layer of text within the Yajurveda

The Vedas (,, वेदः) are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India.

- Vedas
Four Vedas

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Michael Witzel

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German-American philologist, comparative mythologist and Indologist.

German-American philologist, comparative mythologist and Indologist.

Witzel is an author on Indian sacred texts, particularly the Vedas, and Indian history.

Satya is an important concept and virtue in Indian religions. Rigveda, dated to be from the 2nd millennium BC, offers the earliest discussion of Satya. It can be seen, for example, in the fifth and sixth lines, in above Rigveda manuscript image.

Satya

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Sanskrit word loosely translated as truth, essence.

Sanskrit word loosely translated as truth, essence.

Satya is an important concept and virtue in Indian religions. Rigveda, dated to be from the 2nd millennium BC, offers the earliest discussion of Satya. It can be seen, for example, in the fifth and sixth lines, in above Rigveda manuscript image.
National Emblem of India

In the Vedas and later sutras, the meaning of the word satya evolves into an ethical concept about truthfulness and is considered an important virtue.

Ralph T. H. Griffith

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Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith (1826–1906) was an English Indologist, a member of the Indian education service and among the first Europeans to translate the Vedas into English.

Madhvacharya (1238-1317 CE), the main proponent of Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita Vedanta

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Sub-school in the Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy.

Sub-school in the Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy.

Madhvacharya (1238-1317 CE), the main proponent of Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas which espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities.

A 2000 postage stamp dedicated to Arya Samaj

Arya Samaj

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A 2000 postage stamp dedicated to Arya Samaj
A meeting of the Arya Samaj for investing boys with the sacred thread
Au-'3'-m (Aum), considered by the Arya Samaj to be the highest and most proper name of God.
A havan being performed by Arya Samaj
Diya with one wick.
Diya with four wicks, pointing in each direction (N, W, S, E).

Arya Samaj (आर्य समाज, ) is a monotheistic Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas.

Shabda

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Sanskrit word for "speech sound".

Sanskrit word for "speech sound".

Śabda (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts, specifically the shruti, Vedas.

The ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara

Nalanda

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Renowned Buddhist monastic university in ancient Magadha , India.

Renowned Buddhist monastic university in ancient Magadha , India.

The ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara
A map of Nalanda and its environs from Alexander Cunningham's 1861–62 ASI report which shows a number of ponds (pokhar) around the Mahavihara.
Nalanda was founded by the Gupta emperors in the early 5th-century and then expanded over the next 7 centuries.
Nalanda clay seal of Kumaragupta III. The inscription is in Sanskrit, late-Gupta script, the man shown has Vaishnava mark on his forehead, and seal has Garuda-vahana on upper face.
A page from Xuanzang's Great Tang Records on the Western Regions or Dà Táng Xīyù Jì
Replica of the seal of Nalanda set in terracotta on display in the Archaeological Survey of India Museum in Nalanda
Avalokisteshvara in Khasarpana Lokesvara form from Nalanda, 9th-century.
An imagined scene, sketched in Hutchison's Story of the Nations edited by James Meston, depicts the Muslim Turkic general Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar, India. Khaliji destroyed the Nalanda and Vikramshila universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many Buddhist and Brahmin scholars.
A statue of Gautama Buddha at Nalanda in 1895.
Rear view of the ruins of the Baladitya Temple in 1872.
Prajnaparamita and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (top), Maitreya and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (bottom), Folios from a Dharanisamgraha, manuscript from Nalanda, circa 1075
Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva. Ashtasahasrika Prajnyaparamita Sutra manuscript from Nalanda's Pala period.
Excavated ruins of the monasteries of Nalanda.
A map of the excavated remains of Nalanda.
Conjectural Reconstruction of Temple no. 3, Nalanda University
Buddha Shakyamuni or the Bodhisattva Maitreya, gilt copper alloy, early 8th century, Nalanda
The Xuanzang Memorial Hall at Nalanda
Nalanda archaeological Museum
Xuan Zang Memorial Hall
Entrance to the excavated remains
A seal, Gupta Period c. 5th-6th Century
Stupa of Sariputta, (Temple 3)
Stupa of Sariputta, secondary shrines
Sculpted stucco panels on a tower, Stupa of Sariputta
Stucco Buddha Image at Nalanda, Stupa of Sariputta
People on second story of an excavated monastery
Monastery 4 with well and stepped platform
A post-8th century bronze statue of Buddha from Nalanda
Details on one of numerous votive stupas at the site
Vajrapani - Basalt Circa 8th Century CE
Skanda, Temple 2
Kubera
Jain Tirthankara, Bronze, from Nalanda, 10th century.
Ganesha, Bronze, from Nalanda, 10th century

Their curriculum also included other subjects, such as the Vedas, logic, Sanskrit grammar, medicine, and Samkhya.

A contemporary Ardhanarishvara statue at Sampurnanand Sanskrit University

Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya

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Indian university and institution of higher learning located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, specializing in the study of Sanskrit and related fields.

Indian university and institution of higher learning located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, specializing in the study of Sanskrit and related fields.

A contemporary Ardhanarishvara statue at Sampurnanand Sanskrit University

Department of Veda

Maurice Bloomfield

Maurice Bloomfield

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Austrian-born American philologist and Sanskrit scholar.

Austrian-born American philologist and Sanskrit scholar.

Maurice Bloomfield

His papers in the American Journal of Philology number a few in comparative linguistics, such as those on assimilation and adaptation in congeneric classes of words, and many valuable contributions to the interpretation of the Vedas, and he is best known as a student of the Vedas.

Schopenhauer in 1859

Arthur Schopenhauer

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German philosopher.

German philosopher.

Schopenhauer in 1859
Schopenhauer's birthplace house, ul. Św. Ducha (formerly Heiligegeistgasse)
Schopenhauer as a youth
Schopenhauer in 1815. Portrait by Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl.
Sculpture of Arthur Schopenhauer by Giennadij Jerszow
1855 painting of Schopenhauer by Jules Lunteschütz
Grave at the Hauptfriedhof in Frankfurt
In his main work, Schopenhauer praised the Dutch Golden Age artists, who "directed such purely objective perception to the most insignificant objects, and set up a lasting monument of their objectivity and spiritual peace in paintings of still life. The aesthetic beholder does not contemplate this without emotion."
Bust in Frankfurt
Schopenhauer at age 58 on 16 May 1846
Photo of Schopenhauer, 1852
Schopenhauer's philosophy took Kant's work as its foundation. While he praised Kant's greatness, he nonetheless included a highly detailed criticism of Kantian philosophy as an appendix to The World as Will and Representation.
Sculpture of Schopenhauer by Elisabeth Ney
Commemorative stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost

He argued that Christianity constituted a revolt against what he styled the materialistic basis of Judaism, exhibiting an Indian-influenced ethics reflecting the Aryan-Vedic theme of spiritual self-conquest.