Vermont and Related Topics

Ira Allen

Monument of Ira Allen on the University of Vermont campus in Burlington

Ira Allen Chapel at the University of Vermont

Ira Allen (April 21, 1751 – January 7, 1814) was one of the founders of the U.S. state of Vermont and a leader of the Green Mountain Boys during the American colonial period.

Wilmington, Vermont

October 2009 fall foliage seen from Hogback Mountain

Snowfall amount exceeding yardstick in Vermont record snowstorm. 54 in in a single blizzard. Wilmington, Vt. 2010.

Wilmington is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States.

English Americans

English Americans, or Anglo-Americans, are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England.

England United States. Shows the first permanent English settlement of Jamestown in 1607.

Statue of John Smith for the first English settlement in Historic Jamestowne, Virginia.

The first self-governing document of Plymouth Colony. English Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact in 1620.

John Trumbull's famous painting, Declaration of Independence.

English language distribution in the United States.

American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag.

The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Colony by English Pilgrims in October 1621.

Henry Chadwick’s early contributions to the development of the game is often called the "Father of Baseball".

The same 1909 data for each state (of the total European population only) of English ancestry were Connecticut 96.2%, Rhode Island 96.0%, Vermont 95.4%, Massachusetts 95.0%, New Hampshire 94.1%, Maine 93.1%, Virginia 85.0%, Maryland 84.0%, North Carolina 83.1%, South Carolina 82.4%, New York 78.2% and Pennsylvania 59.0%.

Alaska

U.S. state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America.

A modern Alutiiq dancer in traditional festival garb

The Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day Kodiak town), Kodiak Island, 1814

Miners and prospectors climb the Chilkoot Trail during the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush

U.S. troops navigate snow and ice during the Battle of Attu in May 1943

Alaska's size compared with the 48 contiguous states (Albers equal-area conic projection)

Denali is the highest peak in North America.

Although entirely east of the International Date Line (the triangular kink in the line was agreed upon the US acquisition of Alaska), the Aleutian Islands cross the 180th meridian, such that they contain both the westernmost (Amatignak) and the easternmost (Semisopochnoi) points in the United States

Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city and by a significant margin the largest city in Alaska's interior

Juneau, Alaska's third-largest city and its capital

Bethel, the largest city in the Unorganized Borough and in rural Alaska

Homer, showing (from bottom to top) the edge of downtown, its airport and the Spit

Utqiaġvik (Browerville neighborhood near Eben Hopson Middle School shown), known colloquially for many years by the nickname "Top of the World", is the northernmost city in the United States.

Cordova, built in the early 20th century to support the Kennecott Mines and the Copper River and Northwestern Railway, has persevered as a fishing community since their closure.

Alaska has more acreage of public land owned by the federal government than any other state.

Map of the largest racial/ethnic group by borough. Red indicates Native American, blue indicates non-Hispanic white, and green indicates Asian. Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population.

St. Michael's Russian Orthodox Cathedral in downtown Sitka

Aerial view of infrastructure at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline transports oil, Alaska's most financially important export, from the North Slope to Valdez. The heat pipes in the column mounts are pertinent, since they disperse heat upwards and prevent melting of permafrost.

Alaska proven oil reserves peaked in 1973 and have declined more than 60% since then

Alaskan oil production peaked in 1988 and has declined more than 75% since then

Halibut, both as a sport fish and commercially, is important to the state's economy.

A dog team in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, arguably the most popular winter event in Alaska

Mask Display at Iñupiat Heritage Center in Utqiaġvik

Films featuring Alaskan wolves usually employ domesticated wolf-dog hybrids to stand in for wild wolves.

The Kachemak Bay Campus of the University of Alaska Anchorage, located in downtown Homer

The Sterling Highway, near its intersection with the Seward Highway

The Susitna River bridge on the Denali Highway is 1036 ft long.

Alaska welcome sign on the Klondike Highway

An Alaska Railroad locomotive over a bridge in Girdwood approaching Anchorage (2007)

The White Pass and Yukon Route traverses rugged terrain north of Skagway near the Canada–US border.

The (named after Tustumena Glacier) is one of the state's many ferries, providing service between the Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Chain.

A Bombardier Dash 8, operated by Era Alaska, on approach to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport

The center of state government in Juneau. The large buildings in the background are, from left to right: the Court Plaza Building (known colloquially as the "Spam Can"), the State Office Building (behind), the Alaska Office Building, the John H. Dimond State Courthouse, and the Alaska State Capitol. Many of the smaller buildings in the foreground are also occupied by state government agencies.

A line graph showing the presidential vote by party from 1960 to 2016 in Alaska

Lisa Murkowski, senior United States senator

Dan Sullivan, junior United States senator

Don Young, U.S. representative (at-large) (Deceased)

Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening, Alaska's inaugural U.S. Senators, hold the 49 star U.S. Flag after the admission of Alaska as the 49th state.

Ketchikan, one of the places affected by COVID-19 during the 2020 outbreak in Alaska

In 2010, Alaska ranked as the 47th state by population, ahead of North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming (and Washington, D.C.).

Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, also known as First Americans, Indigenous Americans, American Indians, and other terms, are the Indigenous people of the United States, including Hawaii and territories of the United States, and other times limited to the mainland.

Comanche Indians Chasing Buffalo with Lances and Bows, by George Catlin

The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America, according to Alfred Kroeber

This map shows the approximate location of the ice-free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites (Clovis theory).

Artists conception of Ohio Hopewell culture Shriver Circle with the Mound City Group to the left

Cahokia, the largest Mississippian culture site

Map showing the approximate locations of the Native American nations circa 16th century

Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell (1823–1879) is a Romantic depiction of Spanish explorer de Soto's seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda.

1882 studio portrait of the (then) last surviving Six Nations warriors who fought with the British in the War of 1812

Early Native American tribal territories color-coded by linguistic group

The Treaty of Penn with the Indians by Benjamin West, painted in 1771

Yamacraw Creek Native Americans meet with the Trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. The painting shows a Native American boy (in a blue coat) and woman (in a red dress) in European clothing.

Benjamin Hawkins, seen here on his plantation, teaches Creek Native Americans how to use European technology, painted in 1805

Native-controlled territories in the West, 1836

Tecumseh was the Shawnee leader of Tecumseh's War who attempted to organize an alliance of Native American tribes throughout North America.

The Rescue sculpture stood outside the U.S. Capitol between 1853 and 1958. A work commissioned by the U.S. government, its sculptor Horatio Greenough wrote that it was "to convey the idea of the triumph of the whites over the savage tribes".

Mass grave for the dead Lakota following the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre, which took place during the Indian Wars in the 19th century

Ely Parker (of the Seneca people) was a Union Civil War general who wrote the terms of surrender between the United States and the Confederate States of America.

Republican Charles Curtis, of Kaw, Osage, Potawatomi, French and British ancestry from Kansas, was 31st vice president of the United States, 1929–1933, serving with Republican Herbert Hoover.

General Douglas MacArthur meeting Navajo, Pima, Pawnee and other Native American troops

A Navajo man on horseback in Monument Valley, Arizona, United States

Byron Mallott, an Alaskan Native, was the lieutenant governor of Alaska.

Proportion of Indigenous Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census

This Census Bureau map depicts the locations of differing Native American groups, including Indian reservations, as of 2000. Note the concentration (blue) in modern-day Oklahoma in the South West, which was once designated as an Indian Territory before statehood in 1907.

Indian reservations in the continental United States

Native peoples are concerned about the effects of abandoned uranium mines on or near their lands.

National Indian Youth Council demonstrations, Bureau of Indian Affairs Office

A discriminatory sign posted above a bar. Birney, Montana, 1941

Chief Plenty Coups and seven Crow prisoners under guard at Crow agency, Montana, 1887

Protest against the name of the Washington Redskins in Minneapolis, November 2014

Secotan Indians' dance in North Carolina. Watercolor by John White, 1585

Sandia Casino, owned by the Sandia Pueblo of New Mexico

Three Native American women in Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Wasco County, Oregon (1902)

Geronimo, Chiricahua Apache leader. Photograph by Frank A. Rinehart (1898).

Pre-contact: distribution of North American language families, including northern Mexico

Oklahoma Cherokee language immersion school student writing in the Cherokee syllabary

The Cherokee language taught to preschoolers as a first language, at New Kituwah Academy

Ojibwe baby waits on a cradleboard while parents tend wild rice crops (Minnesota, 1940).

Makah Native Americans and a whale, The King of the Seas in the Hands of the Makahs, 1910 photograph by Asahel Curtis

Saint Kateri Tekakwitha, the patron of ecologists, exiles, and orphans, was canonized by the Catholic Church.

Baptism of Pocahontas was painted in 1840 by John Gadsby Chapman, who depicts Pocahontas, wearing white, being baptized Rebecca by Anglican minister Alexander Whiteaker (left) in Jamestown, Virginia. This event is believed to have taken place either in 1613 or 1614.

Susan La Flesche Picotte was the first Native American woman to become a physician in the United States.

Jim Thorpe—gold medalist at the 1912 Olympics, in the pentathlon and decathlon events

Ball players from the Choctaw and Lakota tribe in a 19th-century lithograph by George Catlin

Billy Mills crosses the finish line at the end of the 10,000-meter race at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.

Fancy Dancer at the Seafair Indian Days Pow-Wow, Daybreak Star Cultural Center, Seattle, Washington

Jake Fragua, Jemez Pueblo from New Mexico

Lillian Gross, described as a "Mixed Blood" by the Smithsonian source, was of Cherokee and European-American heritage. She identified with the Cherokee culture in which she was raised.

The 1725 return of an Osage bride from a trip to Paris, France. The Osage woman was married to a French soldier.

Five Indians and a Captive, painted by Carl Wimar, 1855

Charles Eastman was one of the first Native Americans to become certified as a medical doctor, after he graduated from Boston University.

Buffalo Soldiers, 1890. The nickname was given to the "Black Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought.

Ben Nighthorse Campbell, one of only four Native Americans elected to the U.S. Senate

Sharice Davids became one of the first two Native American women elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Deb Haaland became one of the first two Native American women elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Yvette Herrell became the first Cherokee woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Ada E. Brown, a citizen of the Choctaw Nation with mixed-African-American heritage, nominated by President Donald Trump in 2019 to be a federal judge in Texas

Members of the Creek (Muscogee) Nation in Oklahoma around 1877; they include men with some European and African ancestry.

Billy Kidd, part Abenaki from Vermont, became the first American male to medal in alpine skiing in the Olympics, taking silver at age 20 in the slalom in the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, Austria.

Robert Frost

American poet.

The Robert Frost Farm in Derry, New Hampshire, where he wrote many of his poems, including "Tree at My Window" and "Mending Wall".

"I had a lover's quarrel with the world." The epitaph engraved on his tomb is an excerpt from his poem "The Lesson for Today".

The Frost family grave in Bennington Old Cemetery

Robert Frost Hall at Southern New Hampshire University

"The Road Not Taken", as featured in Mountain Interval (1916)

On July 22, 1961, Frost was named poet laureate of Vermont.

Fort Ticonderoga

Large 18th-century star fort built by the French at a narrows near the south end of Lake Champlain, in northern New York, in the United States.

Detail of a 1758 map showing the fort's layout

Engraving after a 1609 drawing by Champlain of a Native American battle near Ticonderoga

A 1777 map depicting Lake Champlain and the upper Hudson River

Restored manuscript map, dated May 29, 1759, for the British plan of attack at the 1759 Battle of Ticonderoga

Daguerreotype of the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga

Ethan Allen, demanding that the fort be surrendered

Fort Ticonderoga as seen from Lake Champlain

John Trumbull's depiction of the Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga

Thomas Cole's Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga

Stamp issued in 1955 marking Fort Ticonderoga's 200th anniversary

Officers' barracks, right; soldiers' barracks, left

Inside the first wall; officers' barracks at left, soldiers' barracks at right

Store room and powder magazine (now Mars Education Center); soldiers' barracks at right

Lake Champlain, which forms part of the border between New York and Vermont, and the Hudson River together formed an important travel route that was used by Native Americans long before the arrival of European colonists.