A report on Vietnamese people

Motif of the Dongson Ngoc Lu drum (~300 BC)
Traditional Vietnamese dress.
Vietnamese opera house, somewhere in Phu Yen, 1793
Vietnamese soldiers in 1828
Vietnamese nobles, 1883-1886
Vietnamese farmers in 1921
Vietnamese soldiers in Albania, 1917
Map of the Vietnamnese
Vietnamese New Year parade, San Jose, California
Congregation Of The Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia
The mandarins of Nguyễn dynasty

The Vietnamese people (người Việt) or Kinh people (người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group originally native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China.

- Vietnamese people

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Vietnam

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Country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311699 km2 and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

Country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311699 km2 and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

A Đông Sơn bronze drum, c. 800 BC
Vietnam's territories around 1838
The Grand Palais built for the 1902–1903 world's fair, when Hanoi was French Indochina's capital
Partition of French Indochina after the 1954 Geneva Conference
Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft spraying Agent Orange during the Operation Ranch Hand as part of a herbicidal warfare operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the Việt Cộng, c. 1962–1971
Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: Hạ Long Bay, Yến River and Bản-Giốc Waterfalls
Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range, the range that includes Fansipan which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula.
Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam.
Nha Trang, a popular beach destination has a tropical savanna climate.
Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: crested argus, a peafowl, red-shanked douc, Indochinese leopard, saola.
Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities
The National Assembly of Vietnam building in Hanoi
Examples of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right: T-54B tank, Sukhoi Su-27UBK fighter aircraft, Vietnam Coast Guard Hamilton-class cutter, and Vietnam People's Army chemical corps with Type 56.
A Communist Party propaganda poster in Hanoi
Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam
Tree map showing Vietnam's exports
Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81 located in Bình Thạnh, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
Terraced rice fields in Sa Pa
A Vietnamese-made TOPIO 3.0 humanoid ping-pong-playing robot displayed during the 2009 International Robot Exhibition (IREX) in Tokyo.
Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab.
Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a major tourist destination.
HCMC–LT–DG section of the North–South Expressway.
Tan Son Nhat International Airport is the busiest airport in the country.
The port of Hai Phong is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.
Sơn La Dam in northern Vietnam, the largest hydroelectric dam in Southeast Asia.
In rural areas of Vietnam, piped water systems are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.
Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950
Vietnam population pyramid in 2019
District 1, Ho Chi Minh City.
Urbanisation in west Hanoi
Vietnamese calligraphy in Latin alphabet.
Vietnamese traditional white school uniform for girls in the country, the áo dài with the addition of nón lá, a conical hat.
Vietnamese dragon on Emperor Khải Định's c. 1917 scroll in British Library collection.
Ca trù trio performance in northern Vietnam
Some of the notable Vietnamese cuisine, clockwise from top-right: phở noodle, chè thái fruit dessert, chả giò spring roll and bánh mì sandwich.
Vietnam Television (VTV), the main state television station
Special Tết decoration in the country seen during the holiday
Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi.

The dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% of the population.

Mekong Delta

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Region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties into the sea through a network of distributaries.

Region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties into the sea through a network of distributaries.

A statue of the Hindu god Visnu found at Óc Eo (6–7th century AD).
Mekong River Delta from space, February 1996.
Mekong Delta
Floating market of Cần Thơ

The delta has been occupied as early as the 4th century BC. As a product of Khmer, Vietnamese, Chinese, and French settlement in the region, the delta and its waterways have numerous names, including the Khmer term Bassac to refer to the lower basin and the largest river branch flowing through it.

Southeast Asia

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Geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of Mainland China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north of Australia.

Geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of Mainland China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north of Australia.

States and regions of Southeast Asia
A political map of Southeast Asia
Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, Sumatra, Indonesia 1500 CE
The Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Maritime Southeast Asia.
Bronze drum from Sông Đà, northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC
Spread of Hinduism from South Asia to Southeast Asia
Borobudur temple in Central Java, Indonesia
Angkor Wat in Siem Reap, Cambodia
Wapauwe Old Mosque is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414
Strait of Malacca
Colonial boundaries in Southeast Asia
Fort Cornwallis in George Town marks the spot where the British East India Company first landed in Penang in 1786, thus heralding the British colonisation of Malaya
Duit, a coin minted by the VOC, 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit
Relief map of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia map of Köppen climate classification
Komodo dragon in Komodo National Park, Indonesia
The Philippine eagle
Wallace's hypothetical line divides Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deepwater of the Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali and Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side
The Port of Singapore is the busiest transshipment and container port in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia
Along with its temples Cambodia has been promoting its coastal resorts. Island off Otres Beach Sihanoukville, Cambodia
Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).
Ati woman in Aklan – the Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.
Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief.
The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu temples.
Thai Theravada Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
The prayer hall of the Goddess of Mercy Temple, the oldest Taoist temple in Penang, Malaysia.
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country with Sharia rule.
Roman Catholic Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, the metropolitan see of the Archbishop of Manila, Philippines.
A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia.
Jewish Surabaya Synagogue in Indonesia, demolished in 2013.
Burmese puppet performance
Paddy field in Vietnam
The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Paris, France 2010)
Angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Thai manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system
Sign in Balinese and Latin script at a Hindu temple in Bali
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Bangkok, Thailand
Singapore
Manila, Philippines
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Jakarta, Indonesia
The UN Statistics Division for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories: 
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
Northern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in Indonesia and the Philippines.
The Mayon Volcano, Phillipines
Bái Đính Temple in Ninh Bình Province – the largest complex of Buddhist temples in Vietnam

The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa, ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.

Chams

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Austronesian ethnic group.

Austronesian ethnic group.

Traditional Cham woman clothes
Historical extent of the Kingdom of Champa (in green) around 1100 CE
Depiction of fighting Cham naval soldier against the Khmer, stone relief at the Bayon
The Cham decorated their temples with stone reliefs depicting the gods such as garuda fighting the nāga (12th-13th century CE)
Depiction of Cham people in the Boxer Codex from 1590
A Cham Muslim woman in Chau Doc, Vietnam
Flag of the FLC – Front de Libération du Champa, which was active during the Vietnam War
Young Cham girl in Châu Đốc
Cham Muslims in Cambodia
Chams villages in An Giang Province (An Phú, Châu Phú, Châu Thành district, Tân Châu town).
Map of the distribution of the Cham in southeast Asia today
Cham musical drum
The temples at Mỹ Sơn are one of the holiest of Cham sites
A mosque in Da Phuoc village, An Phu district, An Giang province.
Inside Cham temple in Nha Trang
Cham Saraman curry

Between the rise of the Khmer Empire around 800 and the Vietnamese's territorial push south from Jiaozhi and, later, Đại Việt, Champa began to shrink.

Cambodia

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Country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of 181035 km2, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

Country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of 181035 km2, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century
Khmer army going to war against the Cham, from a relief on the Bayon
A map of Indochina in 1760
Norodom Sihanouk and Mao Zedong in 1956
Rooms of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims.
Choeung Ek, a known site of mass grave for genocide victims during the Khmer Rouge era
Antigovernment protests in support of opposition party CNRP took place in Cambodia following the 2013 general election.
Geographic map of Cambodia
Regional map of Cambodia
Köppen climate classification map of Cambodia
Macaques at Phnom Pros, Kampong Cham Province
Waterfall at Phnom Kulen
Prey Lang Forest
Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia
Cambodian foreign minister Prak Sokhonn meets with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Washington, D.C., 13 May 2022.
Prime minister Hun Sen with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Moscow, 19 May 2016.
Royal Cambodian Army officers marching
Left to right: Senate President Say Chhum, National Assembly President Heng Samrin and Prime Minister Hun Sen, on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.
Cambodia's deputy opposition leader Kem Sokha (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader Sam Rainsy (right) has lived in exile since November 2015
Real GPD per capita development of Cambodia
A proportional representation of Cambodia exports, 2019
The Cambodian position on the Human Development Index, 1970–2010
Food stands in Siem Reap.
Paddy field in Siem Reap Province
Farmers harvesting rice in Battambang Province
Cambodian Exports Treemap in 2017.
Every year, nearly 2.6 million tourists visit Angkor Wat in Siem Reap, Cambodia.
National Highway 4
Phnom Penh airport shuttle train
An ethnic map of Cambodia
Cambodian couple wearing traditional wedding outfit (Sompot, Sbai, Chong Kben).
Pchum Ben, also known as "Ancestors Day", is an important religious festival celebrated by Khmer Buddhists.
Cambodian medical students watching a surgery operation
The Institute of Foreign Languages of the Royal University of Phnom Penh
The 19th-century illustration tale of Vorvong & Sorvong
Boat racing during Bon Om Touk
Sinn Sisamouth, a famous Cambodian singer
Hun Sen and ASEAN leaders with U.S. President Joe Biden at the White House during the U.S.–ASEAN Summit, 13 May 2022.

Cambodia's minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 hill tribes.

Inside of Đình Minh Hương Gia Thạnh (, "Ming Ancestry Assembly Hall"), a temple established in 1789 by Hoa people

Hoa people

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The Hoa people (Vietnamese: Người Hoa, or ) are Vietnamese people of full or partial Han Chinese ancestry, mostly deriving their recent ancestral heritage from the 18th century, especially from southern Chinese provinces.

The Hoa people (Vietnamese: Người Hoa, or ) are Vietnamese people of full or partial Han Chinese ancestry, mostly deriving their recent ancestral heritage from the 18th century, especially from southern Chinese provinces.

Inside of Đình Minh Hương Gia Thạnh (, "Ming Ancestry Assembly Hall"), a temple established in 1789 by Hoa people
Nghĩa An Hội Quán (義安會館), a Teochew guildhall in Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City.
Thiên Hậu Temple of the Hoa community of Sa Đéc
Hoa merchant in Hanoi (1885, photography by Charles-Édouard Hocquard)
Ho Chi Minh City continues to be Vietnam's major financial district and business networking hub for Hoa businessmen and investors. The city is now teeming with thousands of prospering Chinese-owned businesses.
Chợ Lớn was a major business hub of Vietnamese economic life in its day and the heartland of Vietnam's flourishing rice trade. Today, the city continues to remain as one of contemporary Vietnam's leading centers of Hoa economic life.
Ho Chi Minh City continues to be Vietnam's major financial district and business networking hub for Hoa businessmen and investors. The city is now teeming with thousands of prospering Chinese-owned businesses.

The two people were assimilated with each other as well, and became modern Kinh.

The main Champa kingdom before 1306 (yellow) lay along the coast of present-day southern Vietnam. To the north (blue) lay Đại Việt; to the west (red), the Khmer Empire.

Champa

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Comtemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD until 1832, when it was annexed by the Vietnamese Empire under its emperor Minh Mạng.

Comtemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD until 1832, when it was annexed by the Vietnamese Empire under its emperor Minh Mạng.

The main Champa kingdom before 1306 (yellow) lay along the coast of present-day southern Vietnam. To the north (blue) lay Đại Việt; to the west (red), the Khmer Empire.
This Cham head of Shiva was made of electrum around 800. It decorated a kosa, or metal sleeve fitted to a liṅgam. One can recognise Shiva by the tall chignon hairstyle and by the third eye in the middle of his forehead.
The main Champa kingdom before 1306 (yellow) lay along the coast of present-day southern Vietnam. To the north (blue) lay Đại Việt; to the west (red), the Khmer Empire.
Crown of Champa in 7th and 8th century. (Museum of Vietnamese History)
Epigraph of king Jaya Paramesvaravarman II (r. 1220–1254), the liberator of Champa from Khmer rule.
Depiction of a couple of highland man and Cham lady in the Boxer Codex from 1590
Supposedly zenith of Champa territorial expansion during the reign of Che Bong Nga (r. 1360-1390)
1801 map of Southeast Asia by John Cary showing Panduranga Champa (Tsiompa)
11th-century sculpture depicting the court of Champa with king, court officials, and servants. Museum of Cham Sculpture.
1770s map of Panduranga Champa (Ciampa)
Champa (ca. 11th century) at its greatest extent
Closeup of the inscription in Cham script on the Po Nagar stele, 965. The stele describes feats by the Champa kings.
9th-century Dong Duong (Indrapura) sculpture describes the early life of Prince Siddhārtha Gautama (who is sitting on a mule).
Mỹ Sơn is the site of the largest collection of Cham ruins.
Duong Long ruins in Bình Định province.
Champa ladies dance at Poklong Garai stupa in Phan Rang.
A Vietnamese Shiva figure made by sandstone in Vong La temple, Hanoi, dated 12th century
Sculpture of Cham mounted archers on chariots. {{circa}} 11th–13th century.
Depiction of a Cham–Khmer naval battle, stone relief at the Bayon.
12th-century Champa marines wore various types of armor.
Bas reliefs from the Bayon Temple depicting battle scene between Cham (wearing helmets) and Khmer troops
Remain of My Son E1 temples which was constructed by King Prakāśadharma (r. 653–687). The complex barely survived the Vietnam War.
Đồng Dương (Indrapura) Buddha statue, 9th century AD. Museum of Vietnamese History
Phu Loc tower, a Cham kalan archetype, Binh Dinh, constructed in late 13th century. A remain of Vijaya.
Bas relief of animals and beasties from Tra Kieu, c. 900-1100. Museum of Cham Sculpture.
Statue of Lady Po Nagar

While Northern Vietnam Kinh people assimilated Han Chinese immigrants into their population, have a sinicized culture and carry the patrilineal Han Chinese O-M7 haplogroup, Cham people carry the patrilineal R-M17 haplogroup of South Asian Indian origin from South Asian merchants spreading Hinduism to Champa and marrying Cham females since Chams have no matrilineal South Asian mtDNA, and this fits with the matrilocal structure of Cham families.

Vietic languages

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The Vietic languages are a branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by the Vietic peoples in Laos and Vietnam.

The Vietic languages are a branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by the Vietic peoples in Laos and Vietnam.

Even so, archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the Đông Sơn period, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from Phùng Nguyên culture's Mán Bạc burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers; meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from Đông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "Dai from China, Tai-Kadai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh"; therefore, "[t]he likely spread of Vietic was southward from the RRD, not northward. Accounting for southern diversity will require alternative explanations."

Muong people

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Ethnic group native to northern Vietnam.

Ethnic group native to northern Vietnam.

Muong Settlement with traditional houses near Hòa Bình (2007)
A musical instrument from the Muong people
Muong playing the gongs (cồng chiêng).

They are most closely related to the ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh).

b with flourish

Vietnamese language

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Austroasiatic language originating from Vietnam where it is the national and official language.

Austroasiatic language originating from Vietnam where it is the national and official language.

b with flourish
de Rhodes's entry for dĕóu᷄ shows distinct breves, acutes and apices.
Global distribution of speakers
Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi). Fundamental frequency is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia
Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character ⽶|米 on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (phở).
The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem The Tale of Kieu, written in the Nôm script and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in, and invented characters in.
In the bilingual dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (1851), Chinese characters (chữ Nho) are explained in chữ Nôm.
Jean-Louis Taberd's dictionary Dictionarium anamitico-latinum (1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and chữ Nôm.
A sign at the Hỏa Lò Prison museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.

It is the native language of the Vietnamese (Kinh) people, as well as a second language or first language for other ethnic groups in Vietnam.