A report on Wabanaki Confederacy

Yellow - Miꞌkmaꞌki, Orange - Wolastokuk, Red - Peskotomuhkatik, Brown - Pαnawαhpskewahki, Cayenne - Ndakinna

The dots are the listed capitals, being political centers in Wabanaki.

The mixed region is territory outside of the historic ranges of the five tribes. It was acquired from the St.Lawrence Iroquois between 1541-1608 with Abenaki peoples having moved in by the time Samuel de Champlain came to the region establishing Quebec City.
1627 illustration of local people hunting on Pesamkuk (Mount Desert Island) by Mattheüs Merian
Yellow - Miꞌkmaꞌki, Orange - Wolastokuk, Red - Peskotomuhkatik, Brown - Pαnawαhpskewahki, Cayenne - Ndakinna

The dots are the listed capitals, being political centers in Wabanaki.

The mixed region is territory outside of the historic ranges of the five tribes. It was acquired from the St.Lawrence Iroquois between 1541-1608 with Abenaki peoples having moved in by the time Samuel de Champlain came to the region establishing Quebec City.
This Spanish chart of the Saint Lawrence River showing Wabanaki lands at the bottom, from ca. 1541, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in 1535–1536
Samuel de Champlain fighting on July 30, 1609, alongside the Western Abenaki in a successful battle against the Iroquois at Lake Champlain
Symbol of the Wabanaki Union of Tribes, still in use. It was originally embroidered onto the ceremonial clothing of sakoms.
Colorized photo of 1915 reproductions of Wabanaki wampum belts that would have been used for political matters.
Miꞌkmaꞌki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is Taqamgug/Tagamuk, the eighth district that includes the entire island of Newfoundland.
Map of the campaigns during the King William's War.
Deportation of the Acadians, Grand-Pré.
Mi'kmaq
Maliseet, Passamaquoddy
Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook

North American First Nations and Native American confederation of four principal Eastern Algonquian nations: the Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet (Wolastoqey), Passamaquoddy (Peskotomahkati) and Penobscot.

- Wabanaki Confederacy

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Acadia (1754)

Acadia

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Colony of New France in northeastern North America which included parts of what are now the Maritime provinces, the Gaspé Peninsula and Maine to the Kennebec River.

Colony of New France in northeastern North America which included parts of what are now the Maritime provinces, the Gaspé Peninsula and Maine to the Kennebec River.

Acadia (1754)
The French claimed that the Kennebec River formed the border between Acadia and New England, seen here on a map of Maine
Siege of Saint John (1645) – d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia
Acadia in 1757
French map of 1720 North America. Acadie extends clearly into present-day New Brunswick.
Duc d'Anville Expedition: Action between and the Mars
Acadians at Annapolis Royal, by Samuel Scott, 1751; earliest known image of Acadians
St. John River Campaign: A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross (present day Gagetown, New Brunswick) by Thomas Davies in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the Expulsion of the Acadians.
Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
This Acadian flag was established at the second Acadian Convention in 1884 at Miscouche, Prince Edward Island.
Main Acadian communities of Acadia before the deportation
Charles de Menou d'Aulnay – Civil War in Acadia
Françoise-Marie Jacquelin – Civil War in Acadia
Baron de Saint-Castin – Castine's War
Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville – Queen Anne's War
Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, last governor of Acadia 1706–1710
Sébastien Rale – Father Rale's War
Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope – Father Le Loutre's War
Jean-Louis Le Loutre – Father Le Loutre's War
Thomas Pichon
Joseph (Beausoleil) Broussard
Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

The population of Acadia included the various indigenous First Nations that comprised the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Acadian people and other French settlers.

Maine

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State in the New England region of the United States, bordered by New Hampshire to the west; the Gulf of Maine to the southeast; and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively.

State in the New England region of the United States, bordered by New Hampshire to the west; the Gulf of Maine to the southeast; and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively.

Maine State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch, built 1829–1832
Misty Morning, Coast of MaineArthur Parton (1842–1914). Between 1865 and 1870, Brooklyn Museum.
A map of Maine and surrounding regions
The Maine coast and Portland Head Light
Rocky shoreline in Acadia National Park
Autumn in the Hundred-Mile Wilderness
Köppen climate types of Maine, using 1991-2020 climate normals.
Winter in Bangor
Maine population density map
Bath Iron Works naval shipbuilding
Lobstering in Portland
Maine blueberries. The U.S.'s only commercial producers of wild blueberries are located in Maine.
Portland International Jetport
The Penobscot Narrows Bridge, carrying U.S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 3 over the Penobscot River
A southbound Downeaster passenger train at Ocean Park, Maine, as viewed from the cab of a northbound train
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election
The University of Maine is the state's only research university.
Colby, Bates, and Bowdoin (pictured) Colleges form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium
College hockey being played at the Cross Insurance Center
Two moose in the Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge. The moose is Maine's state mammal.
1. Portland
2. Lewiston
3. Bangor
4. South Portland
5. Auburn
6. Biddeford
7. Sanford
8. Brunswick
9. Saco
10. Scarborough
11. Westbrook
12. Augusta
Party registration by county: (November 2020)

During the later King Philip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy, aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts and the Mahican of New York.

<center>Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook)</center>

Abenaki

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Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States.

Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States.

<center>Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook)</center>
<center>Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)</center>
Abenaki teepee with birch bark covering.
Flag of Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe, a state-recognized tribe in Vermont
Statue of Keewakwa Abenaki Keenahbeh in Opechee Park in Laconia, New Hampshire (standing at 36 ft.)
<center>Miꞌkmaq</center>
<center>Maliseet,

They are an Algonquian-speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy.

Battle of Norridgewock (1724): Death of Father Sebastian Rale

Dummer's War

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Also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the Wabanaki-New England War, or the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War.

Also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the Wabanaki-New England War, or the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War.

Battle of Norridgewock (1724): Death of Father Sebastian Rale
A New Map of the North Parts of America claimed by France under the names of Louisiana... in 1720 drawn by Herman Moll
Raid on Norridgewock (1722): Westbrook confiscates Father Rale's Strongbox
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts William Dummer
The Father Rale memorial at the battle site in Madison, Maine
Death of Chief Paugus
Monument of Chief Grey Lock in Battery Park (Burlington, Vermont)

It was a series of battles between the New England Colonies and the Wabanaki Confederacy (specifically the Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet, and Abenaki), who were allied with New France.

A Miꞌkmaw father and child at Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia, around 1871

Miꞌkmaq

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The Miꞌkmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Miꞌkmaw or Miꞌgmaw; ; ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine.

The Miꞌkmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Miꞌkmaw or Miꞌgmaw; ; ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine.

A Miꞌkmaw father and child at Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia, around 1871
Chief Gabriel Sylliboy - first to fight for Treaty Rights in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1929
The Holy Mary Rosary prayer in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics by Christian Kauder, 1866
Miꞌkmaꞌki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is Taqamgug/Tagamuk, the eighth district that includes the entire island of Newfoundland. Taqamgug was historically part of Onamag before the 1800s.
Miꞌkmaq Women Selling Baskets, Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Mary R. McKie c. 1845
Miꞌkmaw Encampment by Hibbert Newton Binney, c.1791
Monument to the Treaty of 1752, Shubenacadie First Nation, Nova Scotia
Miꞌkmaq making hockey sticks from hornbeam trees (Ostrya virginiana) in Nova Scotia about 1890.
A dancer in the Miꞌkmaq celebration
Grand Chief Jacques-Pierre Peminuit Paul (3rd from left with beard) meets Governor General of Canada, Marquess of Lorne, Red Chamber, Province House, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1879.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk}}</ref>
Miꞌkmaq encampment, Sydney, Cape Breton Island
Miꞌkmaq People (1873)
Miꞌkmaq people (1865)
Maliseet, Passamaquoddy
Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook

In the wake of King Philip's War between English colonists and Native Americans in southern New England (which included the first military conflict between the Miꞌkmaq and New England), the Miꞌkmaq became members of the Wapnáki (Wabanaki Confederacy), an alliance with four other Algonquian-language nations: the Abenaki, Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, and Maliseet.

Maliseet, Passamaquoddy

Maliseet

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Maliseet, Passamaquoddy
Miꞌkmaq
Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook)

The Wəlastəkwewiyik, or Maliseet (, also spelled Malecite), are an Algonquian-speaking First Nation of the Wabanaki Confederacy.

Portrait of Sarah Molasses, c.1886, daughter of John Neptune and Molly Molasses, collection of Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

Penobscot

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Indigenous people in North America from the Northeastern Woodlands region.

Indigenous people in North America from the Northeastern Woodlands region.

Portrait of Sarah Molasses, c.1886, daughter of John Neptune and Molly Molasses, collection of Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
Penobscot beaded moccasins, American Museum of Natural History

They are part of the Wabanaki Confederacy, along with the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, and Miꞌkmaq nations, all of whom historically spoke Algonquian languages.

Vermont

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State in the New England region of the United States.

State in the New England region of the United States.

The Old Constitution House at Windsor, where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted on July 8, 1777
A circa 1775 flag used by the Green Mountain Boys
The gold leaf dome of the neoclassical Vermont State House (Capitol) in Montpelier
1791 Act of Congress admitting Vermont into the Union
Vermont in 1827. The county boundaries have since changed.
Map of Vermont showing cities, roads, and rivers
Population density of Vermont
Mount Mansfield
Western face of Camel's Hump Mountain (elevation 4079 ft).
Fall foliage at Lake Willoughby
Köppen climate types of Vermont, using 1991–2020 climate normals.
Silurian and Devonian stratigraphy of Vermont
The hermit thrush, the state bird of Vermont
A proportional representation of Vermont exports, 2020
Fall foliage seen from Hogback Mountain, Wilmington
Lake Champlain
Autumn in Vermont
Stowe Resort Village
The Lyndon Institute, a high school in Lyndon, Vermont
The University of Vermont
Old Mill, the oldest building of the university
Vermont welcome sign in Addison on Route 17 just over the New York border over the Champlain Bridge
Amtrak station in White River Junction
The Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant, in Vernon
The Vermont Supreme Court's building in Montpelier
Vermont towns hold a March town meeting for voters to approve the town's budget and decide other matters. Marlboro voters meet in this building.
Senators Bernie Sanders and Patrick Leahy and Representative Peter Welch greet supporters in 2017.
Vermontasaurus sculpture in Post Mills, in 2010

Many of the tribes later formed the Wabanaki Confederacy during King Philip's War.

New Hampshire

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State in the New England region of the United States.

State in the New England region of the United States.

The historical coat of arms of New Hampshire, from 1876
Site of first house in New Hampshire, present mansion constructed in 1750, by Gov. W. B. Wentworth, New York Public Library
Fort William and Mary in 1705
1922 map of New Hampshire published in the bulletin of the Brown Company in Berlin
Köppen climate types of New Hampshire, using 1991-2020 climate normals.
Map of New Hampshire, with roads, rivers, and major cities
Shaded relief map of New Hampshire
Mount Adams (5774 ft) is part of New Hampshire's Presidential Range.
Lake Winnipesaukee and the Ossipee Mountains
Autumn leaves on many hardwood trees in New Hampshire turn colors, attracting many tourists
Downtown Manchester
Main Street, Nashua
Largest reported ancestry groups in New Hampshire by town as of 2013. Dark purple indicates Irish, light purple English, pink French, turquoise French Canadian, dark blue Italian, and light blue German. Gray indicates townships with no reported data.
Farmers' market of Mack's Apples
The New Hampshire State House in Concord
Saint Anselm College has held several national debates on campus.
Dartmouth College before a debate in 2008
Manchester–Boston Regional Airport from the air
Dartmouth College's Baker Library
Thompson Hall, at UNH, was built in 1892.

Father Rale's War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire.

The war theater

French and Indian War

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Theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.

Theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.

The war theater
Belligerents during the Seven Years' War. Canadians and Europeans view the French and Indian War as a theater of the Seven Years' War, while Americans view it a separate conflict.
The coureurs des bois were French Canadian fur traders, who did business with natives throughout the Mississippi and St. Lawrence watershed.
Map of Iroquois expansion, 1711. By the mid-18th century, the Iroquois Confederacy had expanded from Upstate New York to the Ohio Country.
The Cherokee, c. 1762. The Cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts from the British and French in order to gain their support or neutrality in the event of a conflict.
Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière, the Governor of New France sent an expedition in 1749 into the Ohio Country in an attempt to assert French sovereignty.
Map of European colonies in North America, c. 1750. Disputes over territorial claims persisted after the end of King George's War in 1748.
Fort Le Boeuf in 1754. In the spring of 1753, the French began to build a series of forts in the Ohio Country.
In 1754, George Washington, of the Virginia Regiment, was dispatched to warn the French to leave Virginian territory.
Washington with his war council during the Battle of Fort Necessity. After deliberations, it was decided to withdraw, and surrender the fort.
In June 1755, the British captured French naval ships sent to provide war matériel to the Acadian and Mi'kmaw militias in Nova Scotia.
British forces under fire from the French and Indian forces at Monongahela, when the Braddock expedition failed to take Fort Duquesne.
British raid on the Acadian settlement of Grimross. Efforts to undermine the French Fortress of Louisbourg resulted in the forcible removal of the Acadians.
In January 1756, John Campbell was named as the new British Commander-in-Chief, North America.
In August 1756, French soldiers and native warriors led by Louis-Joseph de Montcalm successfully attacked Fort Oswego.
Montcalm attempts to stop native warriors from attacking the British. A number of British soldiers were killed after the Siege of Fort William Henry.
British forces besieging the Fortress of Louisbourg. The French fortress fell in July 1758 after a 48-day siege.
A British expedition sent to invade Canada was repulsed by the French at the Battle of Carillon in July 1758.
After a three-month siege of Quebec City, British forces captured the city at the Plains of Abraham.
French authorities surrendering Montreal to British forces in 1760.
The resulting peace dramatically changed the political landscape of North America, with New France ceded to the British and the Spanish.
A copy of the Quebec Act passed in 1774 which addressed a number of grievances held by French Canadians and Indians, although it angered American colonists

The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee tribes, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy member tribes Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and the Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot (Huron) tribes.