A report on War of the Mantuan Succession

The successful claimant, Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
Vincenco II, whose death in December 1627 sparked the war
Siege of Casale Monferrato, 1630
French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu; the war ultimately proved a major foreign policy success for France

Related conflict of the Thirty Years' War, caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, last male heir in the direct line of the House of Gonzaga and ruler of the duchies of Mantua and Montferrat.

- War of the Mantuan Succession
The successful claimant, Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

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Overall

Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1633

Thirty Years' War

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One of the most destructive wars in European history.

One of the most destructive wars in European history.

Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1633
Habsburg possessions in Europe, ca. 1700
The Spanish Road
Purple: Spanish dependencies
Green: Ruled by Austria
Brown: Ruled by Spain
A contemporary woodcut depicts the Third Defenestration of Prague (1618), which marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt
Contemporary painting showing the Battle of White Mountain (1620), where Imperial-Spanish forces under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly won a decisive victory.
Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria whose seizure of the Palatinate expanded the war
Contemporary colored engraving showing the Siege of Stralsund, May to 4 August 1628
Albrecht von Wallenstein achieved great military success for the Empire but his power threatened both Ferdinand and the German princes
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, known as the "Lion of the North", who was killed at Lützen in 1632
Travellers attacked by soldiers, Vrancx, 1647. Note devastated landscape in background; by the 1640s, shortage of supplies and forage for horses drastically limited military campaigns
The final battle of the war; Swedish siege of Prague
Siege and capture of Casale Monferrato by French troops, 1630
The Iberian Union; Spain's inability to protect Portuguese interests in the 1602 to 1663 Dutch–Portuguese War was a key factor in the 1640 Portuguese Restoration War
Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
Frederick's son Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, restored by Westphalia
Population declines within Germany 1618 to 1648
Note; Decline includes factors such as emigration from rural to more secure urban areas and does not equate to Deaths
Soldiers plundering a farm
Breitenfeld 1631; Tilly's army (Left) are deployed two companies deep, the Swedes (Right) just one company deep
A peasant begs for mercy in front of his burning farm; by the 1630s, being caught in the open by soldiers from either side was 'tantamount to a death sentence'
Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
Swedish sovereignty over Western Pomerania (in blue) was confirmed in 1653
500px
Frederick V of the Palatinate was crowned 'Frederick II' of Bohemia in 1619 as a protest by the largely Protestant Czech nobility.
Sack of Magdeburg in 1631. Of the 25,000 citizens, only 5,000 survived.
King Gustavus was killed at the Battle of Lützen in November 1632.
Signing of the Peace of Münster between Spain and the Dutch Republic, 30 January 1648.
The defeat at Nördlingen in 1634 was a huge setback for the Protestant-Swedish alliance and influenced France's entry into the war the following year.
Cardinal Richelieu largely directed French foreign policy throughout the course of the conflict.
Ferdinand III was elected Holy Roman Emperor following the death of his father in 1637.
Louis, Duke of Enghien leading at Freiburg, 1644.
Although a French victory, the second battle of Nördlingen in 1645 delayed their advance into Bavaria for another year.
The Battle of Lens was one of the last major battles of the main conflict. However, the war between France and Spain would continue until 1659.

Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War.

Mantua

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City and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.

City and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.

Expulsion of the Bonacolsi in 1328, scene of Piazza Sordello, canvas of Domenico Morone.
Ludovico Gonzaga receiving the news of his son Francesco being created a cardinal, fresco by Andrea Mantegna in the Stanza degli Sposi of Palazzo Ducale.
Palazzo Te.
Piazza Sordello.
Piazza delle Erbe.
Panorama of Mantua.
Museum Francesco Gonzaga.
Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael at Louvre-Lens.
Tazio Nuvolari

The War of the Mantuan Succession broke out, and in 1630 an Imperial army of 36,000 mercenaries under Matthias Gallas and Johann von Aldringen besieged and sacked Mantua, bringing the plague with them.

Engraving of Charles Gonzaga

Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

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Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1627 until his death.

Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1627 until his death.

Engraving of Charles Gonzaga
Plans of Charleville in 1625

This led to the War of the Mantuan Succession.

Ducal palace, Mantua

House of Gonzaga

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Italian princely family that ruled Mantua in Lombardy, Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708 .

Italian princely family that ruled Mantua in Lombardy, Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708 .

Ducal palace, Mantua
Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua and Barbara of Brandenburg with their children, fresco by Andrea Mantegna at San Giorgio Castle, Mantua, around 1470
Arms of the Gonzaga-Nevers branch that inherited the Duchy of Mantua from the extinct senior line and ruled it from 1627 to 1708, when that branch died out in the male line

The Gonzaga-Nevers later came to rule Mantua again when Louis's son Charles (Carlo) inherited Mantua and Montferrat, triggering the War of the Mantuan Succession.

Cardinal de Richelieu by Philippe de Champaigne, 1642 (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg)

Cardinal Richelieu

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French clergyman and statesman.

French clergyman and statesman.

Cardinal de Richelieu by Philippe de Champaigne, 1642 (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg)
The young Louis XIII; only a figurehead during his early reign; power actually rested with his mother, Marie de' Medici.
Jean Warin, Cardinal de Richelieu 1622 (obverse), 1631
Cardinal Richelieu by Robert Nanteuil
The Battle of Lens
Cardinal Mazarin (depicted here in 1660, age 58) succeeded Richelieu in office.
Painting by Philippe de Champaigne showing Cardinal Richelieu on his deathbed
Triple Portrait of Cardinal de Richelieu, by Philippe de Champaigne (ca 1642)
Bust of Cardinal Richelieu by Gianlorenzo Bernini
The Richelieu Bacchus continued to be admired by neoclassical artists, (Louvre Museum)
Portrait by Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1633-1640
The Parc de Richelieu at Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire
Henri Motte's depiction of Cardinal Richelieu at the Siege of La Rochelle.
Letter of Cardinal Richelieu to Claude de Razilly asking him to do everything in his power to relieve Ré Island in the Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, July 1627.
On the "Day of the Dupes" in 1630, it appeared that Marie de Médicis had secured Richelieu's dismissal. Richelieu, however, survived the scheme, and Marie was exiled as a result.

This peace quickly broke down after tensions due to the War of the Mantuan Succession.

Matthias Gallas, Graf von Campo, Herzog von Lucera

Matthias Gallas

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Austrian professional soldier during the Thirty Years' War.

Austrian professional soldier during the Thirty Years' War.

Matthias Gallas, Graf von Campo, Herzog von Lucera
Gallas' first independent command led to the capture and infamous sack of Mantua
Gallas' greatest success, the Battle of Nördlingen 1634
Saint-Jean-de-Losne where Gallas' invasion of Burgundy ended in 1636
Swedish and Imperial camps at Bernburg 1644 where the Swedes encircled Gallas' troops
Palazzo Galasso in Trento

He distinguished himself in the first half of the war in service of the Catholic League, in the War of the Mantuan Succession, and as one of Albrecht von Wallenstein's Generals.

Casale Monferrato

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Town in the Piedmont region of Italy, in the province of Alessandria.

Town in the Piedmont region of Italy, in the province of Alessandria.

The fortified town from an engraving of 1745. On the left the river Po, and to the right the star-shaped cittadella
Memorial to asbestos victims on the former Eternit factory site.
Piazza Mazzini
The Torre Civica
The Cathedral's narthex
Piazza Mazzini; in the background Via Saffi leads past the civic tower towards Piazza Castello
Santa Caterina. Note the elliptical drum
The Theatre
Neoclassical façade of Santa Croce by Francesco Ottavio Magnocavalli
Ai caduti: the war memorial
Palazzo Treville
Palazzo San Giorgio, the town hall
Portrait of Anna d'Alençon by Macrino d'Alba
Niccolò Musso, self-portrait
Ascanio Sobrero
Roberto Bolle
Piazza Santo Stefano
Church of Santo Stefano
Carlo Alberto
The Castle
The Torre Civica
San Domenico
Synagogue of Casale
The cathedral of Sant’Evasio

In the 17th century Casale was heavily involved in the War of the Mantuan Succession and besieged by French and Spanish troops.

Ferrante II Gonzaga.

Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla

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Count of Guastalla and, from 1621, Duke of Guastalla.

Count of Guastalla and, from 1621, Duke of Guastalla.

Ferrante II Gonzaga.

Ferrante played a part in the War of the Mantuan Succession when, as a distant Gonzaga cousin, he claimed the Duchy of Mantua after the extinction of the senior male branch of the House of Gonzaga in December 1627.

Engraving of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1635)

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Engraving of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Don Goncalo Fernandes de Cordva - Series: Equestrian Portraits of Generals in the Thirty Years War

Gonzalo Andrés Domingo Fernández de Córdoba (31 December 1585 – 16 February 1635) was one of the main Spanish military leaders during the Eighty Years' War,[?] Thirty Years' War, and the War of the Mantuan Succession.

Habsburg Spain

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Contemporary historiographical term referred to the Spain of the 16th and 17th centuries when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central and Eastern Europe).

Contemporary historiographical term referred to the Spain of the 16th and 17th centuries when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central and Eastern Europe).

1570 map of the Iberian Peninsula
Arms of Charles I, representing his territories in Spain (top) and his other European possessions (bottom)
1570 map of the Iberian Peninsula
Conquest of Mexico, executed between Spanish and rival Indians.
A map of the dominion of the Habsburg monarchy following the Battle of Mühlberg (1547) as depicted in The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded green
Europa regina, associated with a Habsburg-dominated Europe under Charles V
The Iberian Union in 1598, during the reign of Philip II
The Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Spanish Road (1567–1620)
Siege of Haarlem (1572–73)
Spanish Fury at Antwerp, demonstration of Spanish military power as a leading world power at the time.
Routes of the Spanish Armada
Tlaxcalan codex with their new Government, including the Spaniard in the top tier. Full History of Tlaxcala, 1585.
Potosi, discovered in 1545, produced massive amounts of silver from a single site in upper Peru. The first image published in Europe. Pedro Cieza de León, 1553.
The last Inca leader, Túpac Amaru was executed in 1572 at the order of the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo.
Sir Francis Drake's voyage, 1585–86
Routes of early Spanish expeditions in the Philippines.
Collection of Philippine lantaka gunpowder weapons in a European museum
Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features.
King Philip III of Spain (r. 1598–1621)
King Philip IV of Spain (r. 1621–1665) by Diego Velázquez
The Battle of Rocroi (1643), the symbolic end of the greatness of Spain
Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain (r. 1665–1700)
An auto-da-fé, painted by Francisco Rizi, 1683
The expulsion of the Moriscos from Valencia
A Spanish galleon, the symbol of Spain's maritime empire
View of Zaragoza, 1647, by Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo
The Harvesters by Pieter Brueghel the Elder

Olivares, who had backed certain tax measures in Spain pending the completion of the war, was further blamed for a fruitless war in Italy, the War of the Mantuan Succession.