Xinjiang and Related Topics

Pakistan

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Country in South Asia.

Indus Priest King Statue from Mohenjo-Daro.

Standing Buddha from Gandhara, Greco-Buddhist art, 1st–2nd century AD.

Clock Tower, Faisalabad, built by the British government in the 19th century

Queen Elizabeth II was the last monarch of independent Pakistan, before it became a republic in 1956.

Signing of the Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in 1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside Bhutto (centre) and Aziz Ahmed (left)

President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.

The Friday Prayers at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan

Köppen climate classification of Pakistan

President of Pakistan Ayub Khan with US President John F. Kennedy in 1961

Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan at the 2019 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit

Pakistan Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.

The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.

Hunza Valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.

Pakistan Air Force's JF-17 Thunder flying in front of the 26660 ft Nanga Parbat

Statue of a bull outside the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Islamabad, Pakistan

Surface mining in Sindh. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by Forbes.

Television assembly factory in Lahore. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises.

Rising skyline of Karachi with several under construction skyscrapers.

Lake Saiful Muluk, located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley, near the town of Naran in the Saiful Muluk National Park.

Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671. It is listed as a World Heritage Site.

Tarbela Dam, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.

Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019.

The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains

Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum)

Track of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus with adjoining station

Central Library of University of Sargodha

Malala Yousafzai at the Women of the World festival in 2014.

Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey. An Afghan refugee girl near Tarbela Dam

Faisal Mosque, built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia

Havana at Shri Hinglaj Mata temple shakti peetha, the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.

Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.

People in traditional clothing in Neelum District

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.

Minar-e-Pakistan is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.

Located on the bank of Arabian Sea in Karachi, Port Grand is one of the largest food streets of Asia.

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a seating capacity of 27,000 spectators.

Under Nasir's leadership the ISI was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.

Leh district

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District in the union territory of Ladakh, a territory administered as part of India.

Leh district flower fields and mountains

It is bounded on the north by Gilgit-Baltistan's Kharmang and Ghanche districts and Xinjiang's Kashgar Prefecture and Hotan Prefecture linked via the historic Karakoram Pass.

Almaty Region

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Region of Kazakhstan, located in the southeastern part of the country.

The region borders Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang in the People's Republic of China.

The countries and autonomous regions where a Turkic language has official status or is spoken by a majority

Turkic peoples

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The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of Central, East, North, South and West Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

The distribution of the Turkic languages

Map from Kashgari's Diwan (11th century), showing the distribution of Turkic tribes.

A page from "Codex Kumanicus". The Codex was designed in order to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Kumans.

Genetic, archeologic and linguistic evidence links the early Turkic peoples to the "Northeast Asian gene pool". Proto-Turks are suggested to have adopted a nomadic lifestyle and expanded from eastern Mongolia westwards.

Xiongnu, Mongolic, and proto-Turkic tribes (ca. 300 CE)

Territory of the Xiongnu, which included Mongolia, Western Manchuria, Xinjiang, East Kazakhstan, East Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu.

The Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates (600 CE)

Colored terracotta figurine of a Gokturk male found in a Kurgan, Kazakhstan, 5th-6th c.

A Turkic warrior from the Göktürk period. The horse's tail is knotted in Turkic style. His hair is long, braided and his big-collared caftan and boots are Turkic clothing features.

The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century

Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals

Old Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals.

Kangar Union after the fall of Western Turkic Khaganate, 659–750

Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE

A map showing the Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092.

Head of Seljuq male royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran.

Map of the Timurid Empire at its greatest extent under Timur.

Silver dirham of AH 329 (940/941 CE), with the names of Caliph al-Muttaqi and Amir al-umara Bajkam (de facto ruler of the country)

Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia (6th to 8th century)

A Penjikent man dressed in “Turkic“ long coats, 6th-8th c.

Turk vassal blacksmiths under Mongolian rule

Turkic hunting scene, Gokturk period Altai

Battle scene of a Turkic horseman with typical long hair (Gokturk period, Altai)

Old Uyghur king from Turfan, from the murals at the Dunhuang Mogao Caves.

Old Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals.

Old Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals.

Old Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals.

Old Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals.

Old Uyghur Manichaean Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho.

Old Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals.

Old Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho.

Old Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho.

Khan Omurtag of Bulgaria, from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.

Ghaznavid portrait, Palace of Lashkari Bazar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlumberger |first1=Daniel |title=Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar |journal=Syria |date=1952 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |page=263 & 267|doi=10.3406/syria.1952.4789 |jstor=4390312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390312 |issn=0039-7946}}</ref>

Khakas people with traditional instruments.

Turkish girls in their traditional clothes, Dursunbey, Balikesir Province.

Yakut Sakha family in traditional attire.

Chinese Turkestan remained part of the People's Republic of China.

First East Turkestan Republic

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Short-lived breakaway Islamic republic founded on 12 November 1933; it was the first state to style itself an "Islamic republic."

Territorial extent of the first ETR in 1933-34

Establishment of the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan on November 12, 1933, in Kashgar

Flag of the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1933-1934)

Uyghur reinforcements from Khotan marching to Kashgar

Muhammad Amin Bughra (1901-1965), Amir of Khotan Emirate (1933-1934),Vice- Chairman of KMT Xinjiang Government (1948-1949)

Khotan Amir Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra (1933–1934)

Political Map of the East Turkestan Republic in 1947

It was centred on the city of Kashgar in what is today Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

South Asia

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Southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.

Various definitions of South Asia, including the definition by UNSD which was created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."

United Nations cartographic map of South Asia. However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries.

While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity

Indus Valley Civilisation during 2600–1900 BCE, the mature phase

The Trimurti is the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer

Outreach of influence of early medieval Chola dynasty

Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-u Din Mehmud, in the winter of 1397–1398

Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Prince Aurangzeb in Mughal Court, 1650

British Indian Empire in 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow.

South Asia's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.

Ethno-linguistic distribution map of South Asia

Mumbai is the financial capital of India with GDP of $400 billion

GDP per capita development in South Asia

Durbar High School, oldest secondary school of Nepal, established in 1854 CE

College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan

IInstitute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Nepal

Child getting vaccine in Bangladesh under the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

A weekly child examination performed at a hospital in Farah, Afghanistan

The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin, which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang but also claimed by India.

Liao dynasty

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Imperial dynasty of China that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the Yelü clan of the Khitan people.

Khitan man in tomb painting in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia

Khitan tomb mural in Inner Mongolia – attendants holding a musical instrument, bow and arrows, boots, and a falcon

Liao or Jin dynasty (1115–1234) helmets and mask

Zhuoxie tu, a 10th-century painting of a rest stop for the khan

The King of Dongdan Goes Forth (東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. National Palace Museum, Taipei. Attributed to Li Zanhua (李贊華 909–946), but possibly a later artist.

Khitans hunting with birds of prey, 9–10th centuries

Geyuan Temple Wenshu Hall built in 966 is the oldest extant Liao building

First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War, 993

Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War, 1018

The Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built by Emperor Daozong of Liao in 1056 at the site of his grandmother's family home.

Gilt silver crown, excavated in 1986 from the tomb of Princess of Chen and her husband in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia.

Gilt bronze statue of the six-tusked elephant holding the throne of Puxian (Samantabhadra), the Bodhisattva of Universal Virtue, c. 1000 Liao dynasty

Epitaph of Xiao Guanyin, the wife of Emperor Daozong of Liao, in Khitan small script

Collapse of the Liao dynasty (1117–1124)

Depiction of Xiongnu cavalry in the Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute, commissioned by Emperor Gaozong of Song. While the subjects are the Xiongnu, the hairstyle depicted is distinctly Khitan, and likely based on northern steppe peoples contemporary to the Song.

Miniature model of a Khitan tent found in the Hadatu tomb in 1973

Fragment of a tomb mural showing a Khitan boy

Aguda, posthumously Emperor Taizu of Jin, founder of the Jurchen Jin dynasty

The Tianning Temple Pagoda, a Buddhist structure built at Liao Nanjing ("Southern Capital", modern Beijing) in 1120 during the last years of the Liao dynasty

Liao paiza authorizing an imperial decree with the utmost urgency

Liao seal with the Chinese inscription 臨潢府軍器庫之印 "Seal of the Armoury of Linhuang Prefecture"

Horse and Archer, believed to have been painted by Yelü Bei.

Liao silver coin in Khitan large script translated as "天朝萬順" (Heavenly Dynasty — Myriad [affairs are] Favourable).

The only extant manuscript in the Khitan language, Folio 9 of manuscript codex Nova N 176

Female funerary mask and crown from the Liao dynasty

A Liao dynasty polychrome wood-carved statue depicting Guanyin in the Water Moon pose, which raises the right knee and rests the right arm on top of it, symbolizing the divinity of the Pure land, Guanyin's personal paradise, which Guanyin puts off going to until s/he has saved humanity.

One of the famous set of lifesize Yixian glazed pottery luohans, sancai, early 12th century

Khitan hunters in a painting by Chen Juzhong, 1196

A brick stupa in the Khitan city of Hedong (Bars-Hot)

Luohan statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century

Liao era bronze figure of Gautama Buddha

Bronze Guanyin statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital

Liao era painted wooden statue of Guanyin

Bronze statue of Guanyin, Liao dynasty, 10th century

Rebellion of Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong against the Tang dynasty in 696-697

Liao tomb mural showing Khitan men with banners, drums, and maces

In the modern era, words related to Khitay are still used as a name for China by Turkic peoples, such as the Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang region and the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan and areas adjoining it, and by some Slavic peoples, such as the Russians and Bulgarians.

Qing soldiers and Khoja rebels fighting at Yashilkul Lake, 1759

Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas

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Uprising against the Qing dynasty of China, which broke out in 1757 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

Not long afterwards, the Khoit-Oirat prince Amursana rose up against the Qing and the Khoja Brothers used the opportunity to seize control of the south west part of Xinjiang.

Map of the Lop Nur region, Xinjiang, China by Folke Bergman 1935. The Xiaohe Tomb complex is marked as Ördek’s Necropolis near the center of the map.

Xiaohe Cemetery

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The site of the cemetery; the vertical posts indicate the tomb locations

Small Europoid Mask, Lop Nur, China, 2000–1000 BC

The Xiaohe Cemetery, literally "Little River Cemetery" and also known as Ördek’s Necropolis, is a Bronze Age site located in the west of Lop Nur, in Xinjiang, Western China.

Uyghur nationalism

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Form of nationalism which asserts that the Uyghur people, an ethnic minority in China, are a distinct nation.

Currently, the primary and traditional population base of the Uyghur people is Xinjiang, an autonomous region of China, which is also known as "East Turkestan" by advocates of separatists.

A report on Xinjiang

278 related topics with Alpha

Pakistan

Leh district

Almaty Region

Turkic peoples

First East Turkestan Republic

South Asia

Liao dynasty

Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas

Xiaohe Cemetery

Uyghur nationalism