Zacatecas and Related Topics

Jalisco

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One of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

View of a sunny day near Mascota, Jalisco in January

A Wixárika man making a beaded jaguar head

Figure; 2nd century; ceramic; height: 7.9 cm (3 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Cristóbal de Olid leads Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies in the conquests of Jalisco, 1522. From Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

Painting of Prisciliano Sánchez, first governor of the state

Colorful painted egg shells, filled with confetti, handmade by village children and used to celebrate the most important traditions of Ajijic, Jalisco.

Parroquia de Santiago Apostol, in Tequila

Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion, en Lagos de Moreno

Parroquia de San Miguel Arcangel in San Miguel el Alto

Parroquia de San Francisco in Tepatitlán de Morelos

Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora de San Juan de los Lagos in San Juan de los Lagos, 2nd most visited religious center in the country

Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan, in Zapopan

Basilica de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Talpa de Allende

Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, in Puerto Vallarta

It is located in Western Mexico and is bordered by six states, which are Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima.

Guadalajara

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Metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco.

Monument to Beatriz Hernández, one of the founders of Guadalajara

The Coat of Arms of Guadalajara, granted by Emperor Charles V in 1539

Centennial Monument to Mexican Independence

Guadalajara and its metropolitan area have grown significantly in the 21st century, surpassing 5 million people in 2018.

Radial urban planning in central Guadalajara

Western Guadalajara business district skyline

Map of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (AMG)

Riu Plaza Hotel, the tallest skyscraper in the city

Andares shopping mall in the Puerta de Hierro (Zapopan) district

The Teatro Degollado, named after its builder, Santos Degollado, was built in 1855.

The Guadalajara International Film Festival, founded in 1986, is the most important film festival in Latin America.

The handover presentation during the 2007 Pan American Games closing ceremony for the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara

The Guadalajara International Book Fair is the largest Spanish-language fair in the world, as well as the largest book fair in the Americas.

The 2008 Guadalajara International Book Fair's booksellers pavilion

San José de Gracia Church, built in 1899

Tequila can only be produced in Jalisco in the regions north of Guadalajara around Santiago de Tequila and Los Altos de Jalisco.

Estadio Akron, House of Chivas football team, built for the 2010 Copa Libertadores

Estadio Charros, built for the 2011 Pan American Games

The municipality of Guadalajara borders five other municipalities.

The University of Guadalajara, founded in 1791, is one of the highest ranking universities in Latin America.

Guadalajara University Center of Art, Architecture and Design

Guadalajara International Airport is the 10th busiest airport in Latin America and a hub for Aeroméxico, Volaris, Interjet, and VivaAerobus.

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The first colonial settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistlán, Zacatecas.

Guanajuato

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One of the 32 states that make up the Federal Entities of Mexico.

San Agustín de Yuriria Convent, founded by the Augustinians in 1550.

Jaral de Berrios, one of the most important haciendas of the colonial era.

Plaza Mayor de Guanajuato, view of the main square of Guanajuato, c. 1836 Carl Nebel

Trolley passing in front of the San Diego Church in Guanajuato, 1907

Orphaned Polish children in Santa Rosa, Guanajuato that arrived with a larger group of refugees during the Second World War.

The bola de agua in Celaya; the water tower is an icon of the city.

A birria dish served at the Mercado Hidalgo in Guanajuato

View of the main building of the University of Guanajuato

A car and pedestrian pass in a tunnel under Guanajuato city

One of the structures at the Plazuelas archeological site

It is bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west, Zacatecas to the northwest, San Luis Potosí to the north, Querétaro to the east, and Michoacán to the south.

Palace of Government of Zacatecas, former cathedral convent section, historic center

Zacatecas City

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Painting of the Toma de Zacatecas, Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City

The former Plaza de Toros with El Cubo aqueduct in the background. The bullring was repurposed into an hotel in 1989.

The Cerro de la Bufa's cableway on the street level

Equestrian stature of Panfilo Natera at Cerro de la Bufa

Equestrian statue of Pancho Villa, atop Cerro de la Bufa, site of his greatest victory

The cathedral was built between 1729 and 1753, regarded by many as the last, and greatest, expression of the churrigueresque style.

Hidalgo Avenue and Rosales Arcade in the bottom

The Mercado Jesús González Ortega second floor. The public market was constructed during the Porfiriato.

The Francisco Goitia Museum is housed in the former residence of the Governor of the State of Zacatecas

Look of Zacatecas during an abnormal winter

Zacatecas is the principal city within the municipality in Mexico of the same name, and the capital and the largest city of the state of Zacatecas.

Coahuila

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One of the 32 states of Mexico.

Building at the Iberoamerican University

Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo León to the east, Zacatecas to the south, and Durango and Chihuahua to the west.

Durango

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One of the 31 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest of the country.

View toward the canyon at the Mexiquillo (es) nature reserve.

Desert tortoise in the Mapimí Biosphere Reserve

El Picacho in the Valleys region of the state

Mexicaneros during Candlemas celebrations in San Pedro Jícaras

Small Tepehuan carrying bag in traditional design

Azatlan-style pottery at the Durango City Archeological Museum.

Catedral basílica de Victoria de Durango

Photo of Gen. Pancho Villa and his wife, Sra. María Luz Corral de Villa (1914)

Durango is landlocked, bordered by Chihuahua, Coahuila, Zacatecas, Nayarit and Sinaloa.

New Spain

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Integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and having its capital in Mexico City.

Giacomo Gastaldi's 1548 map of New Spain, Nueva Hispania Tabula Nova

Spanish historical presence, claimed territories, and expeditions in North America.

New Spain in 1819 with the boundaries established at the Adams–Onís Treaty

Hernán Cortés and La Malinche meet the emperor Moctezuma II in Tenochtitlán, November 8, 1519.

An auto-da-fé in New Spain, 18th century

Girolamo Ruscelli's 1561 map of New Spain, Nueva Hispania Tabula Nova

Vázquez de Coronado Sets Out to the North (1540), by Frederic Remington, oil on canvas, 1905

General locations of the Spanish Presidios built in the 1660s, officered by Spaniards and manned by personnel from Mexico and Peru that defended the native Filipino settlements from Muslim, Wokou, Dutch and English attacks.

White represents the route of the Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the flota in the Atlantic; blue represents Portuguese routes.

Viceroy don Antonio de Mendoza and Tlaxcalan Indians battle with the Caxcanes in the Mixtón war, 1541–42 in Nueva Galicia.

José de Gálvez, 1st Marquess of Sonora, Visitador in New Spain, who initiated major reforms

18th-century soldado de cuera in colonial Mexico

Bernardo de Gálvez and his army at the Siege of Pensacola in 1781.

Spanish territorial claims in the northern West Coast of North America, 18th century

On September 28, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo led the siege of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato

Territories of the Viceroyalty of New Spain which became parts of the United States, Mexico, and other nations by 1900.

Silver coin minted in New Spain. Silver was its most important export, starting in the 16th century. '''8 reales Carlos III - 1778

Indigenous man collecting cochineal with a deer tail by José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez (1777). Cochineal was New Spain's most important export product after silver and its production was almost exclusively in the hands of indigenous cultivators

Arrieros in Mexico. Mules were the main way cargo was moved overland, engraving by Carl Nebel

Pedro de Alvarado, one of the first negotiators to hold office in Hibueras where he founded the towns of San Pedro Sula and Guatemala.

View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City, 1695 by Cristóbal de Villalpando

Indian Wedding and Flying Pole, circa 1690

New Spain after the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 (not including the island territories of the Pacific Ocean).

Arco de Santa Catalina, Antigua Guatemala

18th century golden altar piece insede the Tegucigalpa cathedral.

Nahua depiction of smallpox, Book XII on the conquest of Mexico in the Florentine Codex (1576)

Español and Mulata with their Morisco children

Mestizo and India with their Coyote children

Carlos Francisco de Croix, 1st Marquess of Croix, Viceroy of New Spain (1766–1771)

Antonio María de Bucareli, Viceroy of New Spain

Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo, Viceroy of New Spain (1789–1794)

Church of la merced, one of the oldest spanish churches in america and the oldest one of Honduras.

In the 1540s, the discovery of silver in Zacatecas attracted Spanish mining entrepreneurs and workers, to exploit the mines, as well as crown officials to ensure the crown received its share of revenue.

Mexico

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Country in the southern portion of North America.

Depiction of the founding myth of Mexico-Tenochtitlan from the Codex Mendoza. The eagle perched on a cactus has been incorporated into the Mexican flag since its independence, and was a motif in colonial-era art.

View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan with first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE

Cultivation of maize, shown in the Florentine Codex (1576) drawn by an indigenous scribe, with text in Nahuatl on this folio

1945 mural by Diego Rivera depicting the view from the Tlatelolco markets into Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the largest city in the Americas at the time

Hernán Cortés and his multilingual cultural translator, Doña Marina ("Malinche"), meeting Moctezuma II from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, a document created ca. 1550 by the Tlaxcalans to remind the Spanish of their loyalty and the importance of Tlaxcala during the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Smallpox depicted by an indigenous artist in the 1576 Florentine Codex

View of the Plaza Mayor (today Zócalo) in Mexico City (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando

New Spain was essential to the Spanish global trading system. White represents the route of the Spanish Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the Spanish convoys in the Atlantic. (Blue represents Portuguese routes.)

Silver peso mined and minted in colonial Mexico, which became a global currency

Viceroyalty of New Spain following the signing of the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty

Luis de Mena, Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, showing race mixture and hierarchy as well as fruits of the realm, ca. 1750

Father Hidalgo used this banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe as their emblem

Siege of the Alhondiga de Granaditas, Guanajuato, 28 Sept. 1810.

Flag of the Army of the Three Guarantees, the force formed by ex-royalist Iturbide and insurgent Vicente Guerrero in February 1821

Flag of the First Mexican Empire under Agustín I, 1822-23, with the eagle wearing a crown

Flag of the First Republic of Mexico, with the eagle without a crown, signaling the new republic

Portrait of Liberal President Benito Juárez

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868.

President Porfirio Díaz linking himself to independence hero Hidalgo and liberal hero Juárez September 1910.

Francisco I. Madero, who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911.

Revolutionary Generals Pancho Villa (left) and Emiliano Zapata (right)

General Álvaro Obregón (far left) shown with a cigar in his left hand and his right arm missing, center with the white beard is First Chief Venustiano Carranza

Pemex, the national oil company created in 1938 for reasons of economic nationalism; it continues to provide major revenues for the government

NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Mexico), President George H. W. Bush (U.S.), and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)

Vicente Fox and his opposition National Action Party won the 2000 general election, ending one-party rule.

Mexico map of Köppen climate classification

The National Palace on the east side of Plaza de la Constitución or Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of viceroys and Presidents of Mexico and now the seat of the Mexican government.

Andrés Manuel López Obrador President of Mexico

Alfonso García Robles diplomat who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982

Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the disappearance of the 43 students in the Mexican town of Iguala

The territorial evolution of Mexico after independence: secession of Central America (purple), Chiapas annexed from Guatemala (blue), losses to the U.S. (red, white and orange) and the reannexation of the Republic of Yucatán (red)

A proportional representation of Mexico's exports. The country has the most complex economy in Latin America.

Historical GDP per capita development of Mexico

The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in Oaxaca. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is the region of Mexico with the highest capacity for wind energy. (see Tehuantepecer, a strong wind that affects the region)

Guillermo Haro Observatory in Cananea, Sonora.

Cancun and the Riviera Maya is the most visited region in Latin America

The Baluarte Bridge is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and the highest bridge in the Americas.

Las castas. Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico.

Colonial caste painting of Mexican family in Viceroyalty of New Spain

Octavio Paz was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Our Lady of Guadalupe, patron saint of Mexico. This painting of her at the Basilica of Guadalupe is among her most notable depictions. Scientists debate if it should be dated 1531, the year of the first apparition was said to appear, or the 1550s.

General Hospital of Mexico in Mexico City.

Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico

Olga Sánchez Cordero, Minister of the Interior (Gobernacion) in President López Obrador's cabinet

Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space

Mexican Muralism. A cultural expression starting in the 1920s created by a group of Mexican painters after the Mexican Revolution.

Monument to Cuauhtémoc, Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City (1887)

The colonial-era Cathedral Mexico City dominates one side of the main square of the capital

David Alfaro Siqueiros by Héctor García Cobo at Lecumberri prison, Mexico City, 1960.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, "The Tenth Muse." Posthmous portrait Juan Cabrera

Actress Dolores del Río, Hollywood star in the 1920s and 1930s and prominent figure of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema in the 1940s and 1950s

Mole sauce, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of Mexicanidad and is considered Mexico's national dish.

Portrait of composer Carlos Chávez by Carl van Vechten

Plaque in Mexico City commemorating Lucha libre as an intangible cultural heritage

View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan, the first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE

View of the Pyramid of the Sun in the ancient city-state of Teotihuacan, which was the 6th largest city in the world at its peak (1 AD to 500 AD)

Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo) in the maya city of Chichen Itza

Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and his Troops (1848)

The Baluarte Bridge was the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and is the highest bridge in the Americas.

Students in a burned bus during the protests of 1968

Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, two of the most famous mexican artists

Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain in Mexico

Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Congress of Mexico

Alfonso Cuarón, the first mexican filmmaker to win the Academy Award for Best Director

Headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs

El Santo, one of the most iconic Mexican luchadores

Mexico City, the financial center of Mexico

Lake Chapala is Mexico's largest freshwater lake.

Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.

Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers.

Mexico–United States barrier between San Diego's border patrol offices in California, USA (left) and Tijuana, Mexico (right)

Secretary of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.

Frida Kahlo, the most famous woman artist in Mexican history.

Octavio Paz was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature

El Santo, one of the most famous and iconic Mexican luchadores

The capital Mexico City was and remains the premier city, but other cities founded in the sixteenth century remain important, including Puebla, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Oaxaca, and the port of Veracruz.